Reduction mechanism and optimization of prepare metallic antimony through direct microwave carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide concentrate
In this work, a clean microwave carbothermal reduction of Sb2O3 mineral to prepare metallic antimony ingot is proposed. Response surface methodology was used to optimize condition for microwave carbothermal reduction of Sb2O3. The roasting temperature, roasting duration, carbon powder ratio and NaCl...
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Elsevier
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785422003301 |
| _version_ | 1818774452606861312 |
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| author | Zhu Xiongjin Liu Chenhui Wang Yongli Wang Fang Gao Jiyun Zhang Libo |
| author_facet | Zhu Xiongjin Liu Chenhui Wang Yongli Wang Fang Gao Jiyun Zhang Libo |
| author_sort | Zhu Xiongjin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this work, a clean microwave carbothermal reduction of Sb2O3 mineral to prepare metallic antimony ingot is proposed. Response surface methodology was used to optimize condition for microwave carbothermal reduction of Sb2O3. The roasting temperature, roasting duration, carbon powder ratio and NaCl addition ratio was collected to carry out a four-factor and three-level experiment. In the optimized conditions, a >77.0% yield of antimony ingot can be obtained under roasting temperature of 730 °C, roasting time of 60min, carbon powder ratio of 0.3, NaCl addition amount of 4%. More than 99% Sb content of metallic Sb ingot is obtained in the microwave field. The mechanism of microwave carbothermal reduction of Sb2O3 was investigated by XRD, SEM-EDS and Mapping analysis, the results show that the microwave reduction process is divided into three stages based on the melting point of antimony, namely, 25 °C–400 °C, 400 °C–630 °C, and above 630 °C, which differ in terms of phase transformation. In the microwave field, the reduction of Sb2O3 to Sb particles can be completed within 15 min. Microwave metallurgical technology is conducive to the sustainable development of antimony metallurgy, and also provides a clean technology for the metallurgy industry. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T10:41:22Z |
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| id | doaj.art-34014c557a4c481ea2b08b6a118ef83e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2238-7854 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T10:41:22Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
| spelling | doaj.art-34014c557a4c481ea2b08b6a118ef83e2022-12-21T21:10:38ZengElsevierJournal of Materials Research and Technology2238-78542022-05-0118882895Reduction mechanism and optimization of prepare metallic antimony through direct microwave carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide concentrateZhu Xiongjin0Liu Chenhui1Wang Yongli2Wang Fang3Gao Jiyun4Zhang Libo5Faculty of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR ChinaFaculty of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China; National Local Joint Laboratory of Engineering Application of Microwave Energy and Equipment Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, PR China; Corresponding author.Faculty of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR ChinaFaculty of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR ChinaFaculty of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR ChinaNational Local Joint Laboratory of Engineering Application of Microwave Energy and Equipment Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, PR China; Corresponding author.In this work, a clean microwave carbothermal reduction of Sb2O3 mineral to prepare metallic antimony ingot is proposed. Response surface methodology was used to optimize condition for microwave carbothermal reduction of Sb2O3. The roasting temperature, roasting duration, carbon powder ratio and NaCl addition ratio was collected to carry out a four-factor and three-level experiment. In the optimized conditions, a >77.0% yield of antimony ingot can be obtained under roasting temperature of 730 °C, roasting time of 60min, carbon powder ratio of 0.3, NaCl addition amount of 4%. More than 99% Sb content of metallic Sb ingot is obtained in the microwave field. The mechanism of microwave carbothermal reduction of Sb2O3 was investigated by XRD, SEM-EDS and Mapping analysis, the results show that the microwave reduction process is divided into three stages based on the melting point of antimony, namely, 25 °C–400 °C, 400 °C–630 °C, and above 630 °C, which differ in terms of phase transformation. In the microwave field, the reduction of Sb2O3 to Sb particles can be completed within 15 min. Microwave metallurgical technology is conducive to the sustainable development of antimony metallurgy, and also provides a clean technology for the metallurgy industry.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785422003301Clean metallurgyMetallic antimonyMicrowave carbothermal reductionReduction mechanismResponse surface method |
| spellingShingle | Zhu Xiongjin Liu Chenhui Wang Yongli Wang Fang Gao Jiyun Zhang Libo Reduction mechanism and optimization of prepare metallic antimony through direct microwave carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide concentrate Journal of Materials Research and Technology Clean metallurgy Metallic antimony Microwave carbothermal reduction Reduction mechanism Response surface method |
| title | Reduction mechanism and optimization of prepare metallic antimony through direct microwave carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide concentrate |
| title_full | Reduction mechanism and optimization of prepare metallic antimony through direct microwave carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide concentrate |
| title_fullStr | Reduction mechanism and optimization of prepare metallic antimony through direct microwave carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide concentrate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reduction mechanism and optimization of prepare metallic antimony through direct microwave carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide concentrate |
| title_short | Reduction mechanism and optimization of prepare metallic antimony through direct microwave carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide concentrate |
| title_sort | reduction mechanism and optimization of prepare metallic antimony through direct microwave carbothermal reduction of antimony oxide concentrate |
| topic | Clean metallurgy Metallic antimony Microwave carbothermal reduction Reduction mechanism Response surface method |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785422003301 |
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