Synthesis, Structural, and Mechanical Behavior of <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> Composites Induced by Elevated Thermal Treatments
Biocompatible <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and mechanically stable <i>t-</i>ZrO<sub>2</sub> composites are currently being combined to overcome the demerits of the individual components. A series of five c...
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| author | Nandha Kumar Ponnusamy Hoyeol Lee Jin Myoung Yoo Seung Yun Nam |
| author_facet | Nandha Kumar Ponnusamy Hoyeol Lee Jin Myoung Yoo Seung Yun Nam |
| author_sort | Nandha Kumar Ponnusamy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biocompatible <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and mechanically stable <i>t-</i>ZrO<sub>2</sub> composites are currently being combined to overcome the demerits of the individual components. A series of five composites were synthesized using an aqueous precipitation technique. Their structural and mechanical stability was examined through X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refinement, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and nanoindentation. The characterization results confirmed the formation of <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–<i>t</i>-ZrO<sub>2</sub> composites at 1100 °C. Heat treatment above 900 °C resulted in the degradation of the composites because of cationic interdiffusion between Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions and O<sup>−2</sup> vacancy in Zr<sup>4+</sup> ions. Sequential thermal treatments correspond to four different fractional phases: calcium-deficient apatite, <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, <i>t</i>-ZrO<sub>2</sub>, and <i>m</i>-ZrO<sub>2</sub>. The morphological features confirm in situ synthesis, which reveals abnormal grain growth with voids caused by the upsurge in ZrO<sub>2</sub> content. The mechanical stability data indicate significant variation in Young’s modulus and hardness throughout the composite. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:22:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3406cd540a47480d805e54f54f197edf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:22:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-3406cd540a47480d805e54f54f197edf2023-11-30T21:28:38ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-04-01158292410.3390/ma15082924Synthesis, Structural, and Mechanical Behavior of <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> Composites Induced by Elevated Thermal TreatmentsNandha Kumar Ponnusamy0Hoyeol Lee1Jin Myoung Yoo2Seung Yun Nam3Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, KoreaIndustry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, KoreaIndustry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, KoreaBiocompatible <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and mechanically stable <i>t-</i>ZrO<sub>2</sub> composites are currently being combined to overcome the demerits of the individual components. A series of five composites were synthesized using an aqueous precipitation technique. Their structural and mechanical stability was examined through X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refinement, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and nanoindentation. The characterization results confirmed the formation of <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–<i>t</i>-ZrO<sub>2</sub> composites at 1100 °C. Heat treatment above 900 °C resulted in the degradation of the composites because of cationic interdiffusion between Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions and O<sup>−2</sup> vacancy in Zr<sup>4+</sup> ions. Sequential thermal treatments correspond to four different fractional phases: calcium-deficient apatite, <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, <i>t</i>-ZrO<sub>2</sub>, and <i>m</i>-ZrO<sub>2</sub>. The morphological features confirm in situ synthesis, which reveals abnormal grain growth with voids caused by the upsurge in ZrO<sub>2</sub> content. The mechanical stability data indicate significant variation in Young’s modulus and hardness throughout the composite.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/8/2924<i>β</i>-tricalcium phosphatezirconiacalcium-deficient apatitecompositesphase transitionsintering |
| spellingShingle | Nandha Kumar Ponnusamy Hoyeol Lee Jin Myoung Yoo Seung Yun Nam Synthesis, Structural, and Mechanical Behavior of <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> Composites Induced by Elevated Thermal Treatments Materials <i>β</i>-tricalcium phosphate zirconia calcium-deficient apatite composites phase transition sintering |
| title | Synthesis, Structural, and Mechanical Behavior of <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> Composites Induced by Elevated Thermal Treatments |
| title_full | Synthesis, Structural, and Mechanical Behavior of <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> Composites Induced by Elevated Thermal Treatments |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis, Structural, and Mechanical Behavior of <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> Composites Induced by Elevated Thermal Treatments |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis, Structural, and Mechanical Behavior of <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> Composites Induced by Elevated Thermal Treatments |
| title_short | Synthesis, Structural, and Mechanical Behavior of <i>β</i>-Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> Composites Induced by Elevated Thermal Treatments |
| title_sort | synthesis structural and mechanical behavior of i β i ca sub 3 sub po sub 4 sub sub 2 sub zro sub 2 sub composites induced by elevated thermal treatments |
| topic | <i>β</i>-tricalcium phosphate zirconia calcium-deficient apatite composites phase transition sintering |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/8/2924 |
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