The Impact of Solar Intermittency on the Concentration Polarization Factor, Water Quality and Specific Energy Consumption in the Reverse Osmosis Process
Water scarcity has prompted the use of desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) due to its low energy requirement and high production rate. In the present article, the concentration polarization factor (β) was evaluated in RO processes, in batch and continuous systems and with an alter...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-08-01
|
| Series: | Water |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/17/3022 |
| _version_ | 1797581767020904448 |
|---|---|
| author | Rosario Montoya-Pizeno Deemi Paola Morales-Mendivil Rafael Enrique Cabanillas-López Germán Eduardo Dévora-Isiordia |
| author_facet | Rosario Montoya-Pizeno Deemi Paola Morales-Mendivil Rafael Enrique Cabanillas-López Germán Eduardo Dévora-Isiordia |
| author_sort | Rosario Montoya-Pizeno |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Water scarcity has prompted the use of desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) due to its low energy requirement and high production rate. In the present article, the concentration polarization factor (β) was evaluated in RO processes, in batch and continuous systems and with an alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) to desalinate water with 10,000 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of total dissolved solids (TDS). In DC, the power variation and its effect on β was evaluated by simulating intermittent solar photovoltaic radiation. The specific energy consumption (SEC) in kWh m<sup>−3</sup>, the water quality in mg L<sup>−1</sup> of TDS and β were evaluated. In a batch process, 3.98 and 3.85 kWh m<sup>−3</sup> were required for AC and DC, respectively. In a continuous process with AC, 3.79 kWh m<sup>−3</sup> was required, and for DC, it decreased by 17.93%. The permeate water quality was evaluated with reference to the Mexican standard of 1000 mg L<sup>−1</sup> in TDS. A TDS concentration of 1631 mg L<sup>−1</sup> was found in batch–AC processes, and a TDS concentration of 747 mg L<sup>−1</sup> was found in batch–DC processes. In continuous AC–DC processes, the TDS concentration did not exceed 1000 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. The permitted β limit was 1.2. The result of the batch process when using DC was 1.007, while for AC, it was 1.022. In continuous processes with AC, the β was 1.008, and in DC, it was 1.012. The results prove that the intermittency due to power variation is an alternative way to reduce the concentration polarization factor, with effects that include a reduction in the specific energy consumption and an improvement in the permeate water quality. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:10:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-34325d3f337844d3b0b1f9b7ebe7a0e4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:10:16Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-34325d3f337844d3b0b1f9b7ebe7a0e42023-11-19T09:01:13ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-08-011517302210.3390/w15173022The Impact of Solar Intermittency on the Concentration Polarization Factor, Water Quality and Specific Energy Consumption in the Reverse Osmosis ProcessRosario Montoya-Pizeno0Deemi Paola Morales-Mendivil1Rafael Enrique Cabanillas-López2Germán Eduardo Dévora-Isiordia3Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Calle 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Ciudad Obregón 85000, Sonora, MexicoDepartamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Calle 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Ciudad Obregón 85000, Sonora, MexicoDepartamento Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, MexicoDepartamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Calle 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Ciudad Obregón 85000, Sonora, MexicoWater scarcity has prompted the use of desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) due to its low energy requirement and high production rate. In the present article, the concentration polarization factor (β) was evaluated in RO processes, in batch and continuous systems and with an alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) to desalinate water with 10,000 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of total dissolved solids (TDS). In DC, the power variation and its effect on β was evaluated by simulating intermittent solar photovoltaic radiation. The specific energy consumption (SEC) in kWh m<sup>−3</sup>, the water quality in mg L<sup>−1</sup> of TDS and β were evaluated. In a batch process, 3.98 and 3.85 kWh m<sup>−3</sup> were required for AC and DC, respectively. In a continuous process with AC, 3.79 kWh m<sup>−3</sup> was required, and for DC, it decreased by 17.93%. The permeate water quality was evaluated with reference to the Mexican standard of 1000 mg L<sup>−1</sup> in TDS. A TDS concentration of 1631 mg L<sup>−1</sup> was found in batch–AC processes, and a TDS concentration of 747 mg L<sup>−1</sup> was found in batch–DC processes. In continuous AC–DC processes, the TDS concentration did not exceed 1000 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. The permitted β limit was 1.2. The result of the batch process when using DC was 1.007, while for AC, it was 1.022. In continuous processes with AC, the β was 1.008, and in DC, it was 1.012. The results prove that the intermittency due to power variation is an alternative way to reduce the concentration polarization factor, with effects that include a reduction in the specific energy consumption and an improvement in the permeate water quality.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/17/3022desalinationscalingmembranesvariable powerpulsationswater quality |
| spellingShingle | Rosario Montoya-Pizeno Deemi Paola Morales-Mendivil Rafael Enrique Cabanillas-López Germán Eduardo Dévora-Isiordia The Impact of Solar Intermittency on the Concentration Polarization Factor, Water Quality and Specific Energy Consumption in the Reverse Osmosis Process Water desalination scaling membranes variable power pulsations water quality |
| title | The Impact of Solar Intermittency on the Concentration Polarization Factor, Water Quality and Specific Energy Consumption in the Reverse Osmosis Process |
| title_full | The Impact of Solar Intermittency on the Concentration Polarization Factor, Water Quality and Specific Energy Consumption in the Reverse Osmosis Process |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Solar Intermittency on the Concentration Polarization Factor, Water Quality and Specific Energy Consumption in the Reverse Osmosis Process |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Solar Intermittency on the Concentration Polarization Factor, Water Quality and Specific Energy Consumption in the Reverse Osmosis Process |
| title_short | The Impact of Solar Intermittency on the Concentration Polarization Factor, Water Quality and Specific Energy Consumption in the Reverse Osmosis Process |
| title_sort | impact of solar intermittency on the concentration polarization factor water quality and specific energy consumption in the reverse osmosis process |
| topic | desalination scaling membranes variable power pulsations water quality |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/17/3022 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rosariomontoyapizeno theimpactofsolarintermittencyontheconcentrationpolarizationfactorwaterqualityandspecificenergyconsumptioninthereverseosmosisprocess AT deemipaolamoralesmendivil theimpactofsolarintermittencyontheconcentrationpolarizationfactorwaterqualityandspecificenergyconsumptioninthereverseosmosisprocess AT rafaelenriquecabanillaslopez theimpactofsolarintermittencyontheconcentrationpolarizationfactorwaterqualityandspecificenergyconsumptioninthereverseosmosisprocess AT germaneduardodevoraisiordia theimpactofsolarintermittencyontheconcentrationpolarizationfactorwaterqualityandspecificenergyconsumptioninthereverseosmosisprocess AT rosariomontoyapizeno impactofsolarintermittencyontheconcentrationpolarizationfactorwaterqualityandspecificenergyconsumptioninthereverseosmosisprocess AT deemipaolamoralesmendivil impactofsolarintermittencyontheconcentrationpolarizationfactorwaterqualityandspecificenergyconsumptioninthereverseosmosisprocess AT rafaelenriquecabanillaslopez impactofsolarintermittencyontheconcentrationpolarizationfactorwaterqualityandspecificenergyconsumptioninthereverseosmosisprocess AT germaneduardodevoraisiordia impactofsolarintermittencyontheconcentrationpolarizationfactorwaterqualityandspecificenergyconsumptioninthereverseosmosisprocess |