A Review of Protocols for Fiducial Reference Measurements of Downwelling Irradiance for the Validation of Satellite Remote Sensing Data over Water
This paper reviews the state of the art of protocols for the measurement of downwelling irradiance in the context of Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRM) of water reflectance for satellite validation. The measurement of water reflectance requires the measurement of water-leaving radiance and downwe...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-07-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/15/1742 |
| _version_ | 1798024461237092352 |
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| author | Kevin G. Ruddick Kenneth Voss Andrew C. Banks Emmanuel Boss Alexandre Castagna Robert Frouin Martin Hieronymi Cedric Jamet B. Carol Johnson Joel Kuusk Zhongping Lee Michael Ondrusek Viktor Vabson Riho Vendt |
| author_facet | Kevin G. Ruddick Kenneth Voss Andrew C. Banks Emmanuel Boss Alexandre Castagna Robert Frouin Martin Hieronymi Cedric Jamet B. Carol Johnson Joel Kuusk Zhongping Lee Michael Ondrusek Viktor Vabson Riho Vendt |
| author_sort | Kevin G. Ruddick |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper reviews the state of the art of protocols for the measurement of downwelling irradiance in the context of Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRM) of water reflectance for satellite validation. The measurement of water reflectance requires the measurement of water-leaving radiance and downwelling irradiance just above water. For the latter, there are four generic families of method, using: (1) an above-water upward-pointing irradiance sensor; (2) an above-water downward-pointing radiance sensor and a reflective plaque; (3) a Sun-pointing radiance sensor (sunphotometer); or (4) an underwater upward-pointing irradiance sensor deployed at different depths. Each method—except for the fourth, which is considered obsolete for the measurement of above-water downwelling irradiance—is described generically in the FRM context with reference to the measurement equation, documented implementations, and the intra-method diversity of deployment platform and practice. Ideal measurement conditions are stated, practical recommendations are provided on best practice, and guidelines for estimating the measurement uncertainty are provided for each protocol-related component of the measurement uncertainty budget. The state of the art for the measurement of downwelling irradiance is summarized, future perspectives are outlined, and key debates such as the use of reflectance plaques with calibrated or uncalibrated radiometers are presented. This review is based on the practice and studies of the aquatic optics community and the validation of water reflectance, but is also relevant to land radiation monitoring and the validation of satellite-derived land surface reflectance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:02:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3497a63b505047d383eccaec3d65cbf7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:02:52Z |
| publishDate | 2019-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-3497a63b505047d383eccaec3d65cbf72022-12-22T04:10:24ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922019-07-011115174210.3390/rs11151742rs11151742A Review of Protocols for Fiducial Reference Measurements of Downwelling Irradiance for the Validation of Satellite Remote Sensing Data over WaterKevin G. Ruddick0Kenneth Voss1Andrew C. Banks2Emmanuel Boss3Alexandre Castagna4Robert Frouin5Martin Hieronymi6Cedric Jamet7B. Carol Johnson8Joel Kuusk9Zhongping Lee10Michael Ondrusek11Viktor Vabson12Riho Vendt13Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Operational Directorate Natural Environment, 29 Rue Vautierstraat, 1000 Brussels, BelgiumPhysics Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USAInstitute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Former US Base Gournes, 71500 Hersonissos, Crete, GreeceUniversity of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USAProtistology and Aquatic Ecology Research Group, Gent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Gent, BelgiumScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 8810 Shellback Way, La Jolla, CA 92037, USAInstitute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, GermanyUniversité du Littoral-Côte d’Opale, CNRS, Université de Lille, UMR8187, F62930 Wimereux, FranceNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USATartu Observatory, University of Tartu, 61602 Tõravere, EstoniaSchool for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125-3393, USANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Center for Weather and Climate Prediction, 5830 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USATartu Observatory, University of Tartu, 61602 Tõravere, EstoniaTartu Observatory, University of Tartu, 61602 Tõravere, EstoniaThis paper reviews the state of the art of protocols for the measurement of downwelling irradiance in the context of Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRM) of water reflectance for satellite validation. The measurement of water reflectance requires the measurement of water-leaving radiance and downwelling irradiance just above water. For the latter, there are four generic families of method, using: (1) an above-water upward-pointing irradiance sensor; (2) an above-water downward-pointing radiance sensor and a reflective plaque; (3) a Sun-pointing radiance sensor (sunphotometer); or (4) an underwater upward-pointing irradiance sensor deployed at different depths. Each method—except for the fourth, which is considered obsolete for the measurement of above-water downwelling irradiance—is described generically in the FRM context with reference to the measurement equation, documented implementations, and the intra-method diversity of deployment platform and practice. Ideal measurement conditions are stated, practical recommendations are provided on best practice, and guidelines for estimating the measurement uncertainty are provided for each protocol-related component of the measurement uncertainty budget. The state of the art for the measurement of downwelling irradiance is summarized, future perspectives are outlined, and key debates such as the use of reflectance plaques with calibrated or uncalibrated radiometers are presented. This review is based on the practice and studies of the aquatic optics community and the validation of water reflectance, but is also relevant to land radiation monitoring and the validation of satellite-derived land surface reflectance.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/15/1742downwelling irradiancesatellite validationFiducial Reference Measurementswater reflectance |
| spellingShingle | Kevin G. Ruddick Kenneth Voss Andrew C. Banks Emmanuel Boss Alexandre Castagna Robert Frouin Martin Hieronymi Cedric Jamet B. Carol Johnson Joel Kuusk Zhongping Lee Michael Ondrusek Viktor Vabson Riho Vendt A Review of Protocols for Fiducial Reference Measurements of Downwelling Irradiance for the Validation of Satellite Remote Sensing Data over Water Remote Sensing downwelling irradiance satellite validation Fiducial Reference Measurements water reflectance |
| title | A Review of Protocols for Fiducial Reference Measurements of Downwelling Irradiance for the Validation of Satellite Remote Sensing Data over Water |
| title_full | A Review of Protocols for Fiducial Reference Measurements of Downwelling Irradiance for the Validation of Satellite Remote Sensing Data over Water |
| title_fullStr | A Review of Protocols for Fiducial Reference Measurements of Downwelling Irradiance for the Validation of Satellite Remote Sensing Data over Water |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of Protocols for Fiducial Reference Measurements of Downwelling Irradiance for the Validation of Satellite Remote Sensing Data over Water |
| title_short | A Review of Protocols for Fiducial Reference Measurements of Downwelling Irradiance for the Validation of Satellite Remote Sensing Data over Water |
| title_sort | review of protocols for fiducial reference measurements of downwelling irradiance for the validation of satellite remote sensing data over water |
| topic | downwelling irradiance satellite validation Fiducial Reference Measurements water reflectance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/15/1742 |
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