Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered?
In nature, living organisms produce a wide variety of specialized metabolites to perform many biological functions. Among these specialized metabolites, some carry halogen atoms on their structure, which can modify their chemical characteristics. Research into this type of molecule has focused on ho...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/10/3157 |
| _version_ | 1827667552014172160 |
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| author | Bastien Cochereau Laurence Meslet-Cladière Yves François Pouchus Olivier Grovel Catherine Roullier |
| author_facet | Bastien Cochereau Laurence Meslet-Cladière Yves François Pouchus Olivier Grovel Catherine Roullier |
| author_sort | Bastien Cochereau |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In nature, living organisms produce a wide variety of specialized metabolites to perform many biological functions. Among these specialized metabolites, some carry halogen atoms on their structure, which can modify their chemical characteristics. Research into this type of molecule has focused on how organisms incorporate these atoms into specialized metabolites. Several families of enzymes have been described gathering metalloenzymes, flavoproteins, or S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) enzymes that can incorporate these atoms into different types of chemical structures. However, even though the first halogenation enzyme was discovered in a fungus, this clade is still lagging behind other clades such as bacteria, where many enzymes have been discovered. This review will therefore focus on all halogenation enzymes that have been described in fungi and their associated metabolites by searching for proteins available in databases, but also by using all the available fungal genomes. In the second part of the review, the chemical diversity of halogenated molecules found in fungi will be discussed. This will allow the highlighting of halogenation mechanisms that are still unknown today, therefore, highlighting potentially new unknown halogenation enzymes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:19:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-34a9d1f6322b43fe99dd8cdf8958fb9e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:19:56Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-34a9d1f6322b43fe99dd8cdf8958fb9e2023-11-23T12:21:58ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-05-012710315710.3390/molecules27103157Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered?Bastien Cochereau0Laurence Meslet-Cladière1Yves François Pouchus2Olivier Grovel3Catherine Roullier4Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, FranceLaboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, INRAE, University Brest, F-29280 Plouzané, FranceInstitut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, FranceInstitut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, FranceInstitut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, FranceIn nature, living organisms produce a wide variety of specialized metabolites to perform many biological functions. Among these specialized metabolites, some carry halogen atoms on their structure, which can modify their chemical characteristics. Research into this type of molecule has focused on how organisms incorporate these atoms into specialized metabolites. Several families of enzymes have been described gathering metalloenzymes, flavoproteins, or S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) enzymes that can incorporate these atoms into different types of chemical structures. However, even though the first halogenation enzyme was discovered in a fungus, this clade is still lagging behind other clades such as bacteria, where many enzymes have been discovered. This review will therefore focus on all halogenation enzymes that have been described in fungi and their associated metabolites by searching for proteins available in databases, but also by using all the available fungal genomes. In the second part of the review, the chemical diversity of halogenated molecules found in fungi will be discussed. This will allow the highlighting of halogenation mechanisms that are still unknown today, therefore, highlighting potentially new unknown halogenation enzymes.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/10/3157enzymatic halogenationfungihalogenaseshaloperoxidaseshalogenated metabolitesbiocatalysis |
| spellingShingle | Bastien Cochereau Laurence Meslet-Cladière Yves François Pouchus Olivier Grovel Catherine Roullier Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered? Molecules enzymatic halogenation fungi halogenases haloperoxidases halogenated metabolites biocatalysis |
| title | Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered? |
| title_full | Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered? |
| title_fullStr | Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered? |
| title_short | Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered? |
| title_sort | halogenation in fungi what do we know and what remains to be discovered |
| topic | enzymatic halogenation fungi halogenases haloperoxidases halogenated metabolites biocatalysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/10/3157 |
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