Nitrogen Fertilization and Glyphosate as a Growth Regulator: Effects on the Nutritional Efficiency and Nutrient Balance in Emerald Grass
Nitrogen (N) is one of the promising nutrients for lawn growth and is required for the lawn’s proper growth and development, but it also increases mowing frequency. Glyphosate herbicide application in sub-doses, as a growth regulator, can reduce the maintenance costs without any adverse reduction in...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/10/2473 |
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| author | Raíssa Pereira Dinalli Salatiér Buzetti Rodolfo de Niro Gazola Regina Maria Monteiro de Castilho Arshad Jalal Fernando Shintate Galindo Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho |
| author_facet | Raíssa Pereira Dinalli Salatiér Buzetti Rodolfo de Niro Gazola Regina Maria Monteiro de Castilho Arshad Jalal Fernando Shintate Galindo Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho |
| author_sort | Raíssa Pereira Dinalli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nitrogen (N) is one of the promising nutrients for lawn growth and is required for the lawn’s proper growth and development, but it also increases mowing frequency. Glyphosate herbicide application in sub-doses, as a growth regulator, can reduce the maintenance costs without any adverse reduction in the density and nutritional status of grasses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influences of nitrogen and glyphosate doses on the growth, aesthetic quality and nutritional status of emerald grass (<i>Zoysia japonica</i> Steud.). The experiment was conducted at the Research and Extension Education Farm of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil, in an Ultisol. The experiment was designed as a randomized block with 12 treatments arranged in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme with 4 replications, comprised of a control (without N), 15 and 30 g N m<sup>−2</sup> of urea, applied in five splits annually, and glyphosate doses (0, 200, 400 and 600 g ha<sup>−1</sup> of the active ingredient, a.i.). The split N fertilization at the rate of 15 g m<sup>−2</sup> and glyphosate at the dose of 400 g ha<sup>−1</sup> maintained nutritional status of emerald grass. Nitrogen at the rate 15 g N m<sup>−2</sup> (in five splits per year) was observed to produce lower growth traits, an adequate aesthetic quality and longer stability of the nutrients in emerald grasses through lower exportation, with removal of “clipping” after mowing. In addition, glyphosate, at the dose of 400 g a.i. ha<sup>−1</sup>, was efficient in reducing the leaf area, plant height, shoot dry matter and total dry matter by 18.3, 14.7, 6.8 and 8.1%, respectively, as compared to the control. However, this dose did not impair the coloration and resulted in a lower exportation of nutrients by reducing the need to replenish by fertilization. Therefore, fertilization with 15 g N m<sup>−2</sup>, associated with application of 400 g a.i. ha<sup>−1</sup> of glyphosate, is recommended for emerald grass in the tropical savannah of Brazil. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:53:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-34be290b0daf45fd92bb650c413526ce |
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| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:53:20Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
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| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-34be290b0daf45fd92bb650c413526ce2023-11-23T22:27:48ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-10-011210247310.3390/agronomy12102473Nitrogen Fertilization and Glyphosate as a Growth Regulator: Effects on the Nutritional Efficiency and Nutrient Balance in Emerald GrassRaíssa Pereira Dinalli0Salatiér Buzetti1Rodolfo de Niro Gazola2Regina Maria Monteiro de Castilho3Arshad Jalal4Fernando Shintate Galindo5Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho6Department of Plant Protection, Rural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, Av. Brazil Sul no 56, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, BrazilDepartment of Plant Protection, Rural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, Av. Brazil Sul no 56, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, BrazilDepartment of Plant Protection, Rural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, Av. Brazil Sul no 56, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, BrazilDepartment of Plant Protection, Rural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, Av. Brazil Sul no 56, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, BrazilDepartment of Plant Protection, Rural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, Av. Brazil Sul no 56, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, BrazilCollege of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651-Bairro das Antas, Dracena 17900-000, SP, BrazilDepartment of Plant Protection, Rural Engineering, and Soils, São Paulo State University, Av. Brazil Sul no 56, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, BrazilNitrogen (N) is one of the promising nutrients for lawn growth and is required for the lawn’s proper growth and development, but it also increases mowing frequency. Glyphosate herbicide application in sub-doses, as a growth regulator, can reduce the maintenance costs without any adverse reduction in the density and nutritional status of grasses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influences of nitrogen and glyphosate doses on the growth, aesthetic quality and nutritional status of emerald grass (<i>Zoysia japonica</i> Steud.). The experiment was conducted at the Research and Extension Education Farm of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil, in an Ultisol. The experiment was designed as a randomized block with 12 treatments arranged in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme with 4 replications, comprised of a control (without N), 15 and 30 g N m<sup>−2</sup> of urea, applied in five splits annually, and glyphosate doses (0, 200, 400 and 600 g ha<sup>−1</sup> of the active ingredient, a.i.). The split N fertilization at the rate of 15 g m<sup>−2</sup> and glyphosate at the dose of 400 g ha<sup>−1</sup> maintained nutritional status of emerald grass. Nitrogen at the rate 15 g N m<sup>−2</sup> (in five splits per year) was observed to produce lower growth traits, an adequate aesthetic quality and longer stability of the nutrients in emerald grasses through lower exportation, with removal of “clipping” after mowing. In addition, glyphosate, at the dose of 400 g a.i. ha<sup>−1</sup>, was efficient in reducing the leaf area, plant height, shoot dry matter and total dry matter by 18.3, 14.7, 6.8 and 8.1%, respectively, as compared to the control. However, this dose did not impair the coloration and resulted in a lower exportation of nutrients by reducing the need to replenish by fertilization. Therefore, fertilization with 15 g N m<sup>−2</sup>, associated with application of 400 g a.i. ha<sup>−1</sup> of glyphosate, is recommended for emerald grass in the tropical savannah of Brazil.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/10/2473<i>Zoysia japonica</i> Steud.lawnherbicidenitrogenplant nutrition |
| spellingShingle | Raíssa Pereira Dinalli Salatiér Buzetti Rodolfo de Niro Gazola Regina Maria Monteiro de Castilho Arshad Jalal Fernando Shintate Galindo Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho Nitrogen Fertilization and Glyphosate as a Growth Regulator: Effects on the Nutritional Efficiency and Nutrient Balance in Emerald Grass Agronomy <i>Zoysia japonica</i> Steud. lawn herbicide nitrogen plant nutrition |
| title | Nitrogen Fertilization and Glyphosate as a Growth Regulator: Effects on the Nutritional Efficiency and Nutrient Balance in Emerald Grass |
| title_full | Nitrogen Fertilization and Glyphosate as a Growth Regulator: Effects on the Nutritional Efficiency and Nutrient Balance in Emerald Grass |
| title_fullStr | Nitrogen Fertilization and Glyphosate as a Growth Regulator: Effects on the Nutritional Efficiency and Nutrient Balance in Emerald Grass |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nitrogen Fertilization and Glyphosate as a Growth Regulator: Effects on the Nutritional Efficiency and Nutrient Balance in Emerald Grass |
| title_short | Nitrogen Fertilization and Glyphosate as a Growth Regulator: Effects on the Nutritional Efficiency and Nutrient Balance in Emerald Grass |
| title_sort | nitrogen fertilization and glyphosate as a growth regulator effects on the nutritional efficiency and nutrient balance in emerald grass |
| topic | <i>Zoysia japonica</i> Steud. lawn herbicide nitrogen plant nutrition |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/10/2473 |
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