The efficacy of Virkon-S for the control of saprolegniasis in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L
Background Saprolegnia parasitica is a fish pathogen that causes severe economic losses worldwide. Virkon-S is a well-known disinfectant known to exhibit antimicrobial activities against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In this study, we tested the anti-fungal activity of Virkon-S against S. parasitica...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
PeerJ Inc.
2018-10-01
|
| Series: | PeerJ |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://peerj.com/articles/5706.pdf |
| _version_ | 1827607259203502080 |
|---|---|
| author | Haitham Saeed Rahman Tae-Jin Choi |
| author_facet | Haitham Saeed Rahman Tae-Jin Choi |
| author_sort | Haitham Saeed Rahman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Saprolegnia parasitica is a fish pathogen that causes severe economic losses worldwide. Virkon-S is a well-known disinfectant known to exhibit antimicrobial activities against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In this study, we tested the anti-fungal activity of Virkon-S against S. parasitica, the major causal agent of saprolegniasis. Methods The lowest concentration of Virkon-S that prevented germination or the visible growth of spores and the percent spore germination were determined using potato dextrose agar plates containing different concentrations of Virkon-S. The cytotoxic effect was evaluated using the Ez-Cytox Cell Viability Assay with epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells grown in L-15 medium and acute toxicity tests were carried out with cultured fingerlings of common carp for 96 h. Artificial infection with S. parasitica was performed by placing the fish in tanks containing zoospores of S. parasitica after descaling and wounding at three positions. The diseased fish were kept in tanks containing 2, 4, and 10 ppm of Virkon-S for 10 days to observe the treatment effect. Results The in vitro assay results showed that Virkon-S could inhibit spore germination and the resulting mycelial growth at a concentration as low as 4 ppm. No cytotoxic effect on EPC cells was observed even at a concentration as high as 100 ppm. Additionally, no acute toxicity in the common carp was observed at 10 ppm following 96 h exposure. Ten days of treatment with 4 and 10 ppm Virkon-S resulted in complete reversal of artificially-induced saprolegniasis in the common carp. Discussion This data indicates that Virkon-S can be used for the control of saprolegniasis without harmful effects in fish. However, further research on the effect in humans and food supplies is necessary. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:51:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-34c375e8b0a64f5da9868f38511356d8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2167-8359 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:51:54Z |
| publishDate | 2018-10-01 |
| publisher | PeerJ Inc. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PeerJ |
| spelling | doaj.art-34c375e8b0a64f5da9868f38511356d82023-12-03T10:24:39ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592018-10-016e570610.7717/peerj.5706The efficacy of Virkon-S for the control of saprolegniasis in common carp, Cyprinus carpio LHaitham Saeed Rahman0Tae-Jin Choi1KOICA-PKNU International Graduate Program of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, South KoreaDepartment of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South KoreaBackground Saprolegnia parasitica is a fish pathogen that causes severe economic losses worldwide. Virkon-S is a well-known disinfectant known to exhibit antimicrobial activities against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In this study, we tested the anti-fungal activity of Virkon-S against S. parasitica, the major causal agent of saprolegniasis. Methods The lowest concentration of Virkon-S that prevented germination or the visible growth of spores and the percent spore germination were determined using potato dextrose agar plates containing different concentrations of Virkon-S. The cytotoxic effect was evaluated using the Ez-Cytox Cell Viability Assay with epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells grown in L-15 medium and acute toxicity tests were carried out with cultured fingerlings of common carp for 96 h. Artificial infection with S. parasitica was performed by placing the fish in tanks containing zoospores of S. parasitica after descaling and wounding at three positions. The diseased fish were kept in tanks containing 2, 4, and 10 ppm of Virkon-S for 10 days to observe the treatment effect. Results The in vitro assay results showed that Virkon-S could inhibit spore germination and the resulting mycelial growth at a concentration as low as 4 ppm. No cytotoxic effect on EPC cells was observed even at a concentration as high as 100 ppm. Additionally, no acute toxicity in the common carp was observed at 10 ppm following 96 h exposure. Ten days of treatment with 4 and 10 ppm Virkon-S resulted in complete reversal of artificially-induced saprolegniasis in the common carp. Discussion This data indicates that Virkon-S can be used for the control of saprolegniasis without harmful effects in fish. However, further research on the effect in humans and food supplies is necessary.https://peerj.com/articles/5706.pdfSaprolegniasisSaprolegnia parasiticaVirkon-SArtificial infectionRecovery |
| spellingShingle | Haitham Saeed Rahman Tae-Jin Choi The efficacy of Virkon-S for the control of saprolegniasis in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L PeerJ Saprolegniasis Saprolegnia parasitica Virkon-S Artificial infection Recovery |
| title | The efficacy of Virkon-S for the control of saprolegniasis in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L |
| title_full | The efficacy of Virkon-S for the control of saprolegniasis in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L |
| title_fullStr | The efficacy of Virkon-S for the control of saprolegniasis in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L |
| title_full_unstemmed | The efficacy of Virkon-S for the control of saprolegniasis in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L |
| title_short | The efficacy of Virkon-S for the control of saprolegniasis in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L |
| title_sort | efficacy of virkon s for the control of saprolegniasis in common carp cyprinus carpio l |
| topic | Saprolegniasis Saprolegnia parasitica Virkon-S Artificial infection Recovery |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/5706.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT haithamsaeedrahman theefficacyofvirkonsforthecontrolofsaprolegniasisincommoncarpcyprinuscarpiol AT taejinchoi theefficacyofvirkonsforthecontrolofsaprolegniasisincommoncarpcyprinuscarpiol AT haithamsaeedrahman efficacyofvirkonsforthecontrolofsaprolegniasisincommoncarpcyprinuscarpiol AT taejinchoi efficacyofvirkonsforthecontrolofsaprolegniasisincommoncarpcyprinuscarpiol |