Detection of Fungal Diseases in Lettuce by VIR-NIR Spectroscopy in Aquaponics
One of the main challenges facing the development of aquaponics is disease control, due on one hand to the fact that plants cannot be treated with chemicals because they can lead to mortality in cultured fish. The aim of this study was to apply the visible–near-infrared spectroscopy and vegetation i...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/9/2348 |
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| author | Ivaylo Sirakov Katya Velichkova Toncho Dinev Desislava Slavcheva-Sirakova Elica Valkova Dimitar Yorgov Petya Veleva Vasil Atanasov Stefka Atanassova |
| author_facet | Ivaylo Sirakov Katya Velichkova Toncho Dinev Desislava Slavcheva-Sirakova Elica Valkova Dimitar Yorgov Petya Veleva Vasil Atanasov Stefka Atanassova |
| author_sort | Ivaylo Sirakov |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One of the main challenges facing the development of aquaponics is disease control, due on one hand to the fact that plants cannot be treated with chemicals because they can lead to mortality in cultured fish. The aim of this study was to apply the visible–near-infrared spectroscopy and vegetation index approach to test aquaponically cultivated lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) infected with different fungal pathogens (<i>Aspergillus niger</i>, <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, and <i>Alternaria alternata</i>). The lettuces on the third leaf formation were placed in tanks (with dimensions 1 m/0.50 m/0.35 m) filled up with water from the aquaponics system every second day. In this study, we included reference fungal strains <i>Aspergillus niger</i> NBIMCC 3252, <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> NBIMCC 125, and <i>Alternaria alternata</i> NBIMCC 109. Diffuse reflectance spectra of the leaves of lettuce were measured directly on the plants using a USB4000 spectrometer in the 450–1100 nm wavelength range. In near-infrared spectral range, the reflectance values of infected leaves are lower than those of the control, which indicates that some changes in cell structures occurred as a result of the fungal infection. All three investigated pathogens had a statistically significant effect on leaf water content and water band index. Vegetative indices such as Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index (CARI), Modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI), Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI), Red Edge Index (REI2), Red Edge Index (REI3), and Water band index (WBI) were found to be effective in distinguishing infected plants from healthy ones, with WBI demonstrating the greatest reliability. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:25:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-34c8f2afdc2c42ebb6edbfa66139f5f9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:25:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-34c8f2afdc2c42ebb6edbfa66139f5f92023-11-19T12:04:06ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072023-09-01119234810.3390/microorganisms11092348Detection of Fungal Diseases in Lettuce by VIR-NIR Spectroscopy in AquaponicsIvaylo Sirakov0Katya Velichkova1Toncho Dinev2Desislava Slavcheva-Sirakova3Elica Valkova4Dimitar Yorgov5Petya Veleva6Vasil Atanasov7Stefka Atanassova8Department of Animal Husbandry—Non-Ruminants and Other Animals, Faculty of Agriculture, Students Campus, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Students Campus, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Students Campus, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Botany and Agrometeorology, Faculty of Agronomy, Agricultural University, 12 Mendeleev blvd, 4000 Plovdiv, BulgariaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Students Campus, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Students Campus, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Students Campus, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Students Campus, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Students Campus, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, BulgariaOne of the main challenges facing the development of aquaponics is disease control, due on one hand to the fact that plants cannot be treated with chemicals because they can lead to mortality in cultured fish. The aim of this study was to apply the visible–near-infrared spectroscopy and vegetation index approach to test aquaponically cultivated lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) infected with different fungal pathogens (<i>Aspergillus niger</i>, <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>, and <i>Alternaria alternata</i>). The lettuces on the third leaf formation were placed in tanks (with dimensions 1 m/0.50 m/0.35 m) filled up with water from the aquaponics system every second day. In this study, we included reference fungal strains <i>Aspergillus niger</i> NBIMCC 3252, <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> NBIMCC 125, and <i>Alternaria alternata</i> NBIMCC 109. Diffuse reflectance spectra of the leaves of lettuce were measured directly on the plants using a USB4000 spectrometer in the 450–1100 nm wavelength range. In near-infrared spectral range, the reflectance values of infected leaves are lower than those of the control, which indicates that some changes in cell structures occurred as a result of the fungal infection. All three investigated pathogens had a statistically significant effect on leaf water content and water band index. Vegetative indices such as Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index (CARI), Modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI), Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI), Red Edge Index (REI2), Red Edge Index (REI3), and Water band index (WBI) were found to be effective in distinguishing infected plants from healthy ones, with WBI demonstrating the greatest reliability.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/9/2348<i>Aspergillus niger</i><i>Fusarium oxysporum</i><i>Alternaria alternata</i>preventionpathogen detectionplant health |
| spellingShingle | Ivaylo Sirakov Katya Velichkova Toncho Dinev Desislava Slavcheva-Sirakova Elica Valkova Dimitar Yorgov Petya Veleva Vasil Atanasov Stefka Atanassova Detection of Fungal Diseases in Lettuce by VIR-NIR Spectroscopy in Aquaponics Microorganisms <i>Aspergillus niger</i> <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> <i>Alternaria alternata</i> prevention pathogen detection plant health |
| title | Detection of Fungal Diseases in Lettuce by VIR-NIR Spectroscopy in Aquaponics |
| title_full | Detection of Fungal Diseases in Lettuce by VIR-NIR Spectroscopy in Aquaponics |
| title_fullStr | Detection of Fungal Diseases in Lettuce by VIR-NIR Spectroscopy in Aquaponics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection of Fungal Diseases in Lettuce by VIR-NIR Spectroscopy in Aquaponics |
| title_short | Detection of Fungal Diseases in Lettuce by VIR-NIR Spectroscopy in Aquaponics |
| title_sort | detection of fungal diseases in lettuce by vir nir spectroscopy in aquaponics |
| topic | <i>Aspergillus niger</i> <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> <i>Alternaria alternata</i> prevention pathogen detection plant health |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/9/2348 |
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