Zugspitze ozone 1970–2020: the role of stratosphere–troposphere transport
<p>The pronounced increase in ozone observed at the Alpine station Zugspitze (2962 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml">&...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/8403/2023/acp-23-8403-2023.pdf |
| _version_ | 1797771283376635904 |
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| author | T. Trickl C. Couret L. Ries H. Vogelmann |
| author_facet | T. Trickl C. Couret L. Ries H. Vogelmann |
| author_sort | T. Trickl |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>The pronounced increase in ozone observed at the Alpine station Zugspitze (2962 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo>.</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>.</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>.</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="36pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="c66ba9c58375fb02029941ba18d549da"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-23-8403-2023-ie00001.svg" width="36pt" height="10pt" src="acp-23-8403-2023-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) since the 1970s has been ascribed to an increase in stratospheric air descending to the Alps. In this paper, we present a reanalysis of the data from for both ozone (1978 to 2011) and carbon monoxide (1990–2011), which has been extended until 2020 by the data from the Global Atmosphere Watch site at the Umweltforschungsstation Schneefernerhaus (UFS; 2671 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo>.</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>.</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>.</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="36pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d21c080edfd8b34a2f1a1a9963e24ae3"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-23-8403-2023-ie00002.svg" width="36pt" height="10pt" src="acp-23-8403-2023-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> – above sea level), which is located just below the Zugspitze summit. For ozone between 1970 and 1977, a constant annual average of 36.25 <span class="inline-formula">ppb</span> (parts per billion) was assumed to have been obtained by extrapolation. The analysis is based on data filtering, utilizing the isotope <span class="inline-formula"><sup>7</sup>Be</span> (measured between 1970 and 2006) and relative humidity (1970 to 2011; UFS from 2002 to 2020). We estimate both the influence of stratospheric intrusions directly descending to the northern rim of the Alps from the full data filtering and the aged (“indirect”) intrusions from applying a relationship between ozone and the <span class="inline-formula"><sup>7</sup>Be</span> data. The evaluated total stratospheric contribution to the annual average ozone rises roughly from 12 <span class="inline-formula">ppb</span> in 1970 to 24 <span class="inline-formula">ppb</span> in 2003. It turns out that the increase in the stratospheric influence is particularly strong in winter. A lowering in positive trend is seen afterwards, with a delay of roughly 1 decade after the beginning of the decrease in the solar irradiation. The air masses hitting the Zugspitze summit became drier until 2003, and we see the growing stratospheric contribution as being an important factor for this drying. Both an increase in the lower-stratospheric ozone and the growing thickness of the intruding layers departing downward from just above the tropopause must be taken into consideration. Carbon monoxide in the intrusions did not change much during the full measurement period from 1990 to 2020, with a slight increase until 2005. This is remarkable since, for air outside intrusions, a decrease by approximately 44 % was found, indicating a substantial improvement in the tropospheric air quality.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T21:35:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-34caf1eb110b4b81a690350b7bdc9a29 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T21:35:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-34caf1eb110b4b81a690350b7bdc9a292023-07-27T10:11:27ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242023-07-01238403842710.5194/acp-23-8403-2023Zugspitze ozone 1970–2020: the role of stratosphere–troposphere transportT. Trickl0C. Couret1L. Ries2H. Vogelmann3Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, IMK-IFU, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, GermanyUmweltbundesamt II 4.5, Plattform Zugspitze, GAW Globalobservatorium Zugspitze–Hohenpeißenberg, Schneefernerhaus, 82475 Zugspitze, GermanyUmweltbundesamt II 4.5, Plattform Zugspitze, GAW Globalobservatorium Zugspitze–Hohenpeißenberg, Schneefernerhaus, 82475 Zugspitze, GermanyKarlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, IMK-IFU, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany<p>The pronounced increase in ozone observed at the Alpine station Zugspitze (2962 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo>.</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>.</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>.</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="36pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="c66ba9c58375fb02029941ba18d549da"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-23-8403-2023-ie00001.svg" width="36pt" height="10pt" src="acp-23-8403-2023-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) since the 1970s has been ascribed to an increase in stratospheric air descending to the Alps. In this paper, we present a reanalysis of the data from for both ozone (1978 to 2011) and carbon monoxide (1990–2011), which has been extended until 2020 by the data from the Global Atmosphere Watch site at the Umweltforschungsstation Schneefernerhaus (UFS; 2671 <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mspace width="0.125em" linebreak="nobreak"/><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo>.</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>.</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>.</mo></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="36pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d21c080edfd8b34a2f1a1a9963e24ae3"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-23-8403-2023-ie00002.svg" width="36pt" height="10pt" src="acp-23-8403-2023-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> – above sea level), which is located just below the Zugspitze summit. For ozone between 1970 and 1977, a constant annual average of 36.25 <span class="inline-formula">ppb</span> (parts per billion) was assumed to have been obtained by extrapolation. The analysis is based on data filtering, utilizing the isotope <span class="inline-formula"><sup>7</sup>Be</span> (measured between 1970 and 2006) and relative humidity (1970 to 2011; UFS from 2002 to 2020). We estimate both the influence of stratospheric intrusions directly descending to the northern rim of the Alps from the full data filtering and the aged (“indirect”) intrusions from applying a relationship between ozone and the <span class="inline-formula"><sup>7</sup>Be</span> data. The evaluated total stratospheric contribution to the annual average ozone rises roughly from 12 <span class="inline-formula">ppb</span> in 1970 to 24 <span class="inline-formula">ppb</span> in 2003. It turns out that the increase in the stratospheric influence is particularly strong in winter. A lowering in positive trend is seen afterwards, with a delay of roughly 1 decade after the beginning of the decrease in the solar irradiation. The air masses hitting the Zugspitze summit became drier until 2003, and we see the growing stratospheric contribution as being an important factor for this drying. Both an increase in the lower-stratospheric ozone and the growing thickness of the intruding layers departing downward from just above the tropopause must be taken into consideration. Carbon monoxide in the intrusions did not change much during the full measurement period from 1990 to 2020, with a slight increase until 2005. This is remarkable since, for air outside intrusions, a decrease by approximately 44 % was found, indicating a substantial improvement in the tropospheric air quality.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/8403/2023/acp-23-8403-2023.pdf |
| spellingShingle | T. Trickl C. Couret L. Ries H. Vogelmann Zugspitze ozone 1970–2020: the role of stratosphere–troposphere transport Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Zugspitze ozone 1970–2020: the role of stratosphere–troposphere transport |
| title_full | Zugspitze ozone 1970–2020: the role of stratosphere–troposphere transport |
| title_fullStr | Zugspitze ozone 1970–2020: the role of stratosphere–troposphere transport |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zugspitze ozone 1970–2020: the role of stratosphere–troposphere transport |
| title_short | Zugspitze ozone 1970–2020: the role of stratosphere–troposphere transport |
| title_sort | zugspitze ozone 1970 2020 the role of stratosphere troposphere transport |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/8403/2023/acp-23-8403-2023.pdf |
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