Detection of Water Changes in Plant Stems In Situ by the Primary Echo of Ultrasound RF with an Improved AIC Algorithm
The detection of water changes in plant stems by non-destructive online methods has become a hot spot in studying the physiological activity of plant water. In this paper, the ultrasonic radio-frequency echo (RFID) technique was used to detect water changes in stems. An algorithm (improved hybrid di...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/20 |
| _version_ | 1797431203161178112 |
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| author | Danju Lv Jiali Zi Mingyuan Gao Rui Xi Xin Huang |
| author_facet | Danju Lv Jiali Zi Mingyuan Gao Rui Xi Xin Huang |
| author_sort | Danju Lv |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The detection of water changes in plant stems by non-destructive online methods has become a hot spot in studying the physiological activity of plant water. In this paper, the ultrasonic radio-frequency echo (RFID) technique was used to detect water changes in stems. An algorithm (improved hybrid differential Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC)) was proposed to automatically compute the position of the primary ultrasonic echo of stems, which is the key parameter of water changes in stems. This method overcame the inaccurate location of the primary echo, which was caused by the anisotropic ultrasound propagation and heterogeneous stems. First of all, the improved algorithm was analyzed and its accuracy was verified by a set of simulated signals. Then, a set of cutting samples from stems were taken for ultrasonic detection in the process of water absorption. The correlation between the moisture content of stems and ultrasonic velocities was computed with the algorithm. It was found that the average correlation coefficient of the two parameters reached about 0.98. Finally, living sunflowers with different soil moistures were subjected to ultrasonic detection from 9:00 to 18:00 in situ. The results showed that the soil moisture and the primary ultrasonic echo position had a positive correlation, especially from 12:00 to 18:00; the average coefficient was 0.92. Meanwhile, our results showed that the ultrasonic detection of sunflower stems with different soil moistures was significantly distinct. Therefore, the improved AIC algorithm provided a method to effectively compute the primary echo position of limbs to help detect water changes in stems in situ. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:41:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-352a4e2888064d3ea6612656bf90e28d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:41:31Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj.art-352a4e2888064d3ea6612656bf90e28d2023-12-02T00:52:38ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-12-012312010.3390/s23010020Detection of Water Changes in Plant Stems In Situ by the Primary Echo of Ultrasound RF with an Improved AIC AlgorithmDanju Lv0Jiali Zi1Mingyuan Gao2Rui Xi3Xin Huang4College of Big Data and Intelligent Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, ChinaCollege of Big Data and Intelligent Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, ChinaCollege of Big Data and Intelligent Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, ChinaCollege of Big Data and Intelligent Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, ChinaCollege of Big Data and Intelligent Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, ChinaThe detection of water changes in plant stems by non-destructive online methods has become a hot spot in studying the physiological activity of plant water. In this paper, the ultrasonic radio-frequency echo (RFID) technique was used to detect water changes in stems. An algorithm (improved hybrid differential Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC)) was proposed to automatically compute the position of the primary ultrasonic echo of stems, which is the key parameter of water changes in stems. This method overcame the inaccurate location of the primary echo, which was caused by the anisotropic ultrasound propagation and heterogeneous stems. First of all, the improved algorithm was analyzed and its accuracy was verified by a set of simulated signals. Then, a set of cutting samples from stems were taken for ultrasonic detection in the process of water absorption. The correlation between the moisture content of stems and ultrasonic velocities was computed with the algorithm. It was found that the average correlation coefficient of the two parameters reached about 0.98. Finally, living sunflowers with different soil moistures were subjected to ultrasonic detection from 9:00 to 18:00 in situ. The results showed that the soil moisture and the primary ultrasonic echo position had a positive correlation, especially from 12:00 to 18:00; the average coefficient was 0.92. Meanwhile, our results showed that the ultrasonic detection of sunflower stems with different soil moistures was significantly distinct. Therefore, the improved AIC algorithm provided a method to effectively compute the primary echo position of limbs to help detect water changes in stems in situ.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/20non-destructive detectionRFIDAICultrasonicwater changes in plant stem |
| spellingShingle | Danju Lv Jiali Zi Mingyuan Gao Rui Xi Xin Huang Detection of Water Changes in Plant Stems In Situ by the Primary Echo of Ultrasound RF with an Improved AIC Algorithm Sensors non-destructive detection RFID AIC ultrasonic water changes in plant stem |
| title | Detection of Water Changes in Plant Stems In Situ by the Primary Echo of Ultrasound RF with an Improved AIC Algorithm |
| title_full | Detection of Water Changes in Plant Stems In Situ by the Primary Echo of Ultrasound RF with an Improved AIC Algorithm |
| title_fullStr | Detection of Water Changes in Plant Stems In Situ by the Primary Echo of Ultrasound RF with an Improved AIC Algorithm |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection of Water Changes in Plant Stems In Situ by the Primary Echo of Ultrasound RF with an Improved AIC Algorithm |
| title_short | Detection of Water Changes in Plant Stems In Situ by the Primary Echo of Ultrasound RF with an Improved AIC Algorithm |
| title_sort | detection of water changes in plant stems in situ by the primary echo of ultrasound rf with an improved aic algorithm |
| topic | non-destructive detection RFID AIC ultrasonic water changes in plant stem |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/1/20 |
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