The Prevalence and Control of Lungworms of Pastoral Ruminants in Iran
Lungworms of the genera <i>Dictyocaulus</i>, <i>Muellerius</i>, <i>Protostrongylus</i>, and<i> Cystocaulus </i>are common helminths of domestic and wild ruminants with substantial veterinary and economic importance. Several studies have assessed the pr...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/12/1392 |
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| author | Salman Zafari Sina Mohtasebi Alireza Sazmand Aliasghar Bahari Neil D. Sargison Guilherme G. Verocai |
| author_facet | Salman Zafari Sina Mohtasebi Alireza Sazmand Aliasghar Bahari Neil D. Sargison Guilherme G. Verocai |
| author_sort | Salman Zafari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lungworms of the genera <i>Dictyocaulus</i>, <i>Muellerius</i>, <i>Protostrongylus</i>, and<i> Cystocaulus </i>are common helminths of domestic and wild ruminants with substantial veterinary and economic importance. Several studies have assessed the presence and prevalence of lungworm infections in ruminants in Iran. This report compiles the available scientific information about the occurrence of lungworms in domestic and wild ruminants in Iran between 1931 and June 2022 to give an insight into their epidemiology, and where possible to describe drug treatment efficacy. For this purpose, national and international scientific databases were searched. Overall, 54 publications comprising 33 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 8 conference papers, and 13 dissertations were evaluated regarding prevalence data; and an additional 4 peer-reviewed articles were evaluated regarding drug efficacy. Seven species of lungworms, namely <i>Dictyocaulus filaria</i>, <i>Dictyocaulus viviparus</i>, <i>Dictyocaulus eckerti</i>, <i>Protostrongylus rufescens</i>, <i>Protostrongylus raillietti</i>, <i>Muellerius capillaris</i>, and <i>Cystocaulus ocreatus </i>have been recorded from different ruminant hosts in Iran. Thirty-three studies conducted on small ruminant (sheep and goat) lungworms reported prevalences of lungworm infection of 11.6%, 45.81% and 66.29% using abattoir meat inspection, Baermann technique and fecal flotation, respectively. Eight studies conducted on large ruminants (cattle and water buffalo) reported prevalences of infection of 14.83%, 13.98% and 5% using abattoir meat inspection, the Baermann technique and fecal flotation, respectively. The prevalence of infection in wild ruminants was variable across examined species; 38% in urial, 37% in wild goats, 5% in goitered gazelles and 67% in red deer, in addition to a single case report in roe deer. There are few contemporary studies assessing the efficacy of currently available broad-spectrum anthelmintic compounds against lungworms in Iran. The high prevalence of multiple lungworm species in Iran, combined with a lack of information about drug efficacy, supports the need to improve the understanding of these important nematode parasites and inform the development of sustainable control strategies. The aim of this review and meta-analysis is to provide a baseline for future conventional parasitology and next generation molecular epidemiological studies of lungworm infection in pastoral ruminants in Iran. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:00:06Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-35414c6f956c40648230bcf306b934752023-11-24T17:11:53ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-11-011112139210.3390/pathogens11121392The Prevalence and Control of Lungworms of Pastoral Ruminants in IranSalman Zafari0Sina Mohtasebi1Alireza Sazmand2Aliasghar Bahari3Neil D. Sargison4Guilherme G. Verocai5Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838736, IranDepartment of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, IranDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517658978, IranDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517658978, IranRoyal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UKDepartment of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USALungworms of the genera <i>Dictyocaulus</i>, <i>Muellerius</i>, <i>Protostrongylus</i>, and<i> Cystocaulus </i>are common helminths of domestic and wild ruminants with substantial veterinary and economic importance. Several studies have assessed the presence and prevalence of lungworm infections in ruminants in Iran. This report compiles the available scientific information about the occurrence of lungworms in domestic and wild ruminants in Iran between 1931 and June 2022 to give an insight into their epidemiology, and where possible to describe drug treatment efficacy. For this purpose, national and international scientific databases were searched. Overall, 54 publications comprising 33 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 8 conference papers, and 13 dissertations were evaluated regarding prevalence data; and an additional 4 peer-reviewed articles were evaluated regarding drug efficacy. Seven species of lungworms, namely <i>Dictyocaulus filaria</i>, <i>Dictyocaulus viviparus</i>, <i>Dictyocaulus eckerti</i>, <i>Protostrongylus rufescens</i>, <i>Protostrongylus raillietti</i>, <i>Muellerius capillaris</i>, and <i>Cystocaulus ocreatus </i>have been recorded from different ruminant hosts in Iran. Thirty-three studies conducted on small ruminant (sheep and goat) lungworms reported prevalences of lungworm infection of 11.6%, 45.81% and 66.29% using abattoir meat inspection, Baermann technique and fecal flotation, respectively. Eight studies conducted on large ruminants (cattle and water buffalo) reported prevalences of infection of 14.83%, 13.98% and 5% using abattoir meat inspection, the Baermann technique and fecal flotation, respectively. The prevalence of infection in wild ruminants was variable across examined species; 38% in urial, 37% in wild goats, 5% in goitered gazelles and 67% in red deer, in addition to a single case report in roe deer. There are few contemporary studies assessing the efficacy of currently available broad-spectrum anthelmintic compounds against lungworms in Iran. The high prevalence of multiple lungworm species in Iran, combined with a lack of information about drug efficacy, supports the need to improve the understanding of these important nematode parasites and inform the development of sustainable control strategies. The aim of this review and meta-analysis is to provide a baseline for future conventional parasitology and next generation molecular epidemiological studies of lungworm infection in pastoral ruminants in Iran.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/12/1392lungwormsnematodaverminous pneumoniaprotostrongylidaemetastrongyloidearuminants |
| spellingShingle | Salman Zafari Sina Mohtasebi Alireza Sazmand Aliasghar Bahari Neil D. Sargison Guilherme G. Verocai The Prevalence and Control of Lungworms of Pastoral Ruminants in Iran Pathogens lungworms nematoda verminous pneumonia protostrongylidae metastrongyloidea ruminants |
| title | The Prevalence and Control of Lungworms of Pastoral Ruminants in Iran |
| title_full | The Prevalence and Control of Lungworms of Pastoral Ruminants in Iran |
| title_fullStr | The Prevalence and Control of Lungworms of Pastoral Ruminants in Iran |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Prevalence and Control of Lungworms of Pastoral Ruminants in Iran |
| title_short | The Prevalence and Control of Lungworms of Pastoral Ruminants in Iran |
| title_sort | prevalence and control of lungworms of pastoral ruminants in iran |
| topic | lungworms nematoda verminous pneumonia protostrongylidae metastrongyloidea ruminants |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/12/1392 |
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