Undesirable Status of Prostate Cancer Cells after Intensive Inhibition of AR Signaling: Post-AR Era of CRPC Treatment
Recent advances in prostate cancer (PC) research unveiled real androgen receptor (AR) functions in castration-resistant PC (CRPC). Moreover, AR still accelerates PC cell proliferation via the activation of several mechanisms (e.g., mutation, variants, and amplifications in CRPC). New-generation AR s...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-04-01
|
| Series: | Biomedicines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/4/414 |
| _version_ | 1797537977856950272 |
|---|---|
| author | Tomoyuki Makino Kouji Izumi Atsushi Mizokami |
| author_facet | Tomoyuki Makino Kouji Izumi Atsushi Mizokami |
| author_sort | Tomoyuki Makino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recent advances in prostate cancer (PC) research unveiled real androgen receptor (AR) functions in castration-resistant PC (CRPC). Moreover, AR still accelerates PC cell proliferation via the activation of several mechanisms (e.g., mutation, variants, and amplifications in CRPC). New-generation AR signaling-targeted agents, inhibiting extremely the activity of AR, were developed based on these incontrovertible mechanisms of AR-induced CRPC progression. However, long-term administration of AR signaling-targeted agents subsequently induces the major problem that AR (complete)-independent CRPC cells present neither AR nor prostate-specific antigen, including neuroendocrine differentiation as a subtype of AR-independent CRPC. Moreover, there are few treatments effective for AR-independent CRPC with solid evidence. This study focuses on the transformation mechanisms of AR-independent from AR-dependent CRPC cells and potential treatment strategy for AR-independent CRPC and discusses them based on a review of basic and clinical literature. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:23:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-35450a2d71bb4e22b2bb0dd8bbcdbda6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:23:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-35450a2d71bb4e22b2bb0dd8bbcdbda62023-11-21T15:10:38ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592021-04-019441410.3390/biomedicines9040414Undesirable Status of Prostate Cancer Cells after Intensive Inhibition of AR Signaling: Post-AR Era of CRPC TreatmentTomoyuki Makino0Kouji Izumi1Atsushi Mizokami2Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, JapanDepartment of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, JapanDepartment of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, JapanRecent advances in prostate cancer (PC) research unveiled real androgen receptor (AR) functions in castration-resistant PC (CRPC). Moreover, AR still accelerates PC cell proliferation via the activation of several mechanisms (e.g., mutation, variants, and amplifications in CRPC). New-generation AR signaling-targeted agents, inhibiting extremely the activity of AR, were developed based on these incontrovertible mechanisms of AR-induced CRPC progression. However, long-term administration of AR signaling-targeted agents subsequently induces the major problem that AR (complete)-independent CRPC cells present neither AR nor prostate-specific antigen, including neuroendocrine differentiation as a subtype of AR-independent CRPC. Moreover, there are few treatments effective for AR-independent CRPC with solid evidence. This study focuses on the transformation mechanisms of AR-independent from AR-dependent CRPC cells and potential treatment strategy for AR-independent CRPC and discusses them based on a review of basic and clinical literature.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/4/414androgen receptorcastration-resistant prostate cancerneuroendocrine prostate cancerdouble-negative castration-resistant prostate cancer |
| spellingShingle | Tomoyuki Makino Kouji Izumi Atsushi Mizokami Undesirable Status of Prostate Cancer Cells after Intensive Inhibition of AR Signaling: Post-AR Era of CRPC Treatment Biomedicines androgen receptor castration-resistant prostate cancer neuroendocrine prostate cancer double-negative castration-resistant prostate cancer |
| title | Undesirable Status of Prostate Cancer Cells after Intensive Inhibition of AR Signaling: Post-AR Era of CRPC Treatment |
| title_full | Undesirable Status of Prostate Cancer Cells after Intensive Inhibition of AR Signaling: Post-AR Era of CRPC Treatment |
| title_fullStr | Undesirable Status of Prostate Cancer Cells after Intensive Inhibition of AR Signaling: Post-AR Era of CRPC Treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Undesirable Status of Prostate Cancer Cells after Intensive Inhibition of AR Signaling: Post-AR Era of CRPC Treatment |
| title_short | Undesirable Status of Prostate Cancer Cells after Intensive Inhibition of AR Signaling: Post-AR Era of CRPC Treatment |
| title_sort | undesirable status of prostate cancer cells after intensive inhibition of ar signaling post ar era of crpc treatment |
| topic | androgen receptor castration-resistant prostate cancer neuroendocrine prostate cancer double-negative castration-resistant prostate cancer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/4/414 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tomoyukimakino undesirablestatusofprostatecancercellsafterintensiveinhibitionofarsignalingpostareraofcrpctreatment AT koujiizumi undesirablestatusofprostatecancercellsafterintensiveinhibitionofarsignalingpostareraofcrpctreatment AT atsushimizokami undesirablestatusofprostatecancercellsafterintensiveinhibitionofarsignalingpostareraofcrpctreatment |