Crucial Role of Central Nervous System as a Viral Anatomical Compartment for HIV-1 Infection
The chronic infection established by the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) produces serious CD4+ T cell immunodeficiency despite the decrease in HIV-1 ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels and the raised life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) through treatment with combined antiretroviral t...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/12/2537 |
| _version_ | 1797502300144533504 |
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| author | Ana Borrajo Valentina Svicher Romina Salpini Michele Pellegrino Stefano Aquaro |
| author_facet | Ana Borrajo Valentina Svicher Romina Salpini Michele Pellegrino Stefano Aquaro |
| author_sort | Ana Borrajo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The chronic infection established by the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) produces serious CD4+ T cell immunodeficiency despite the decrease in HIV-1 ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels and the raised life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) through treatment with combined antiretroviral therapies (cART). HIV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS), where perivascular macrophages and microglia are infected. Serious neurodegenerative symptoms related to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are produced by infection of the CNS. Despite advances in the treatment of this infection, HAND significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality globally. The pathogenesis and the role of inflammation in HAND are still incompletely understood. Principally, growing evidence shows that the CNS is an anatomical reservoir for viral infection and replication, and that its compartmentalization can trigger the evolution of neurological damage and thus make virus eradication more difficult. In this review, important concepts for understanding HAND and neuropathogenesis as well as the viral proteins involved in the CNS as an anatomical reservoir for HIV infection are discussed. In addition, an overview of the recent advancements towards therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HAND is presented. Further neurological research is needed to address neurodegenerative difficulties in people living with HIV, specifically regarding CNS viral reservoirs and their effects on eradication. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:31:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-354729ae956c41c1a60511bb1a88ecd9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:31:07Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-354729ae956c41c1a60511bb1a88ecd92023-11-23T09:39:29ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072021-12-01912253710.3390/microorganisms9122537Crucial Role of Central Nervous System as a Viral Anatomical Compartment for HIV-1 InfectionAna Borrajo0Valentina Svicher1Romina Salpini2Michele Pellegrino3Stefano Aquaro4Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, ItalyThe chronic infection established by the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) produces serious CD4+ T cell immunodeficiency despite the decrease in HIV-1 ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels and the raised life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) through treatment with combined antiretroviral therapies (cART). HIV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS), where perivascular macrophages and microglia are infected. Serious neurodegenerative symptoms related to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are produced by infection of the CNS. Despite advances in the treatment of this infection, HAND significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality globally. The pathogenesis and the role of inflammation in HAND are still incompletely understood. Principally, growing evidence shows that the CNS is an anatomical reservoir for viral infection and replication, and that its compartmentalization can trigger the evolution of neurological damage and thus make virus eradication more difficult. In this review, important concepts for understanding HAND and neuropathogenesis as well as the viral proteins involved in the CNS as an anatomical reservoir for HIV infection are discussed. In addition, an overview of the recent advancements towards therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HAND is presented. Further neurological research is needed to address neurodegenerative difficulties in people living with HIV, specifically regarding CNS viral reservoirs and their effects on eradication.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/12/2537human immunodeficiency virusHANDreservoircentral nervous system |
| spellingShingle | Ana Borrajo Valentina Svicher Romina Salpini Michele Pellegrino Stefano Aquaro Crucial Role of Central Nervous System as a Viral Anatomical Compartment for HIV-1 Infection Microorganisms human immunodeficiency virus HAND reservoir central nervous system |
| title | Crucial Role of Central Nervous System as a Viral Anatomical Compartment for HIV-1 Infection |
| title_full | Crucial Role of Central Nervous System as a Viral Anatomical Compartment for HIV-1 Infection |
| title_fullStr | Crucial Role of Central Nervous System as a Viral Anatomical Compartment for HIV-1 Infection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Crucial Role of Central Nervous System as a Viral Anatomical Compartment for HIV-1 Infection |
| title_short | Crucial Role of Central Nervous System as a Viral Anatomical Compartment for HIV-1 Infection |
| title_sort | crucial role of central nervous system as a viral anatomical compartment for hiv 1 infection |
| topic | human immunodeficiency virus HAND reservoir central nervous system |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/12/2537 |
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