<i>Cryptococcus</i>: History, Epidemiology and Immune Evasion
Cryptococcosis is a disease caused by the pathogenic fungi <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> and <i>Cryptococcus gattii</i>, both environmental fungi that cause severe pneumonia and may even lead to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Although <i>C. neoformans</i> affe...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/14/7086 |
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| author | Israel Diniz-Lima Leonardo Marques da Fonseca Elias Barbosa da Silva-Junior Joyce Cristina Guimarães-de-Oliveira Leonardo Freire-de-Lima Danielle Oliveira Nascimento Alexandre Morrot Jose Osvaldo Previato Lucia Mendonça-Previato Debora Decote-Ricardo Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima |
| author_facet | Israel Diniz-Lima Leonardo Marques da Fonseca Elias Barbosa da Silva-Junior Joyce Cristina Guimarães-de-Oliveira Leonardo Freire-de-Lima Danielle Oliveira Nascimento Alexandre Morrot Jose Osvaldo Previato Lucia Mendonça-Previato Debora Decote-Ricardo Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima |
| author_sort | Israel Diniz-Lima |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cryptococcosis is a disease caused by the pathogenic fungi <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> and <i>Cryptococcus gattii</i>, both environmental fungi that cause severe pneumonia and may even lead to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Although <i>C. neoformans</i> affects more fragile individuals, such as immunocompromised hosts through opportunistic infections, <i>C. gattii</i> causes a serious indiscriminate primary infection in immunocompetent individuals. Typically seen in tropical and subtropical environments, <i>C. gattii</i> has increased its endemic area over recent years, largely due to climatic factors that favor contagion in warmer climates. It is important to point out that not only <i>C. gattii</i>, but the <i>Cryptococcus</i> species complex produces a polysaccharidic capsule with immunomodulatory properties, enabling the pathogenic species of <i>Cryptococccus</i> to subvert the host immune response during the establishment of cryptococcosis, facilitating its dissemination in the infected organism. <i>C. gattii</i> causes a more severe and difficult-to-treat infection, with few antifungals eliciting an effective response during chronic treatment. Much of the immunopathology of this cryptococcosis is still poorly understood, with most studies focusing on cryptococcosis caused by the species <i>C. neoformans</i>. <i>C. gattii</i> became more important in the epidemiological scenario with the outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, which resulted in phylogenetic studies of the virulent variant responsible for the severe infection in the region. Since then, the study of cryptococcosis caused by <i>C. gattii</i> has helped researchers understand the immunopathological aspects of different variants of this pathogen. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:23:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-35528f0b7a4b4a7aa9b650aa38cf619b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:23:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-35528f0b7a4b4a7aa9b650aa38cf619b2023-12-01T21:51:31ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-07-011214708610.3390/app12147086<i>Cryptococcus</i>: History, Epidemiology and Immune EvasionIsrael Diniz-Lima0Leonardo Marques da Fonseca1Elias Barbosa da Silva-Junior2Joyce Cristina Guimarães-de-Oliveira3Leonardo Freire-de-Lima4Danielle Oliveira Nascimento5Alexandre Morrot6Jose Osvaldo Previato7Lucia Mendonça-Previato8Debora Decote-Ricardo9Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima10Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-970, BrazilInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-970, BrazilInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-970, BrazilInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-970, BrazilInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-970, BrazilInstituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, BrazilFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-900, BrazilInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-970, BrazilInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-970, BrazilInstituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, BrazilInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-970, BrazilCryptococcosis is a disease caused by the pathogenic fungi <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> and <i>Cryptococcus gattii</i>, both environmental fungi that cause severe pneumonia and may even lead to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Although <i>C. neoformans</i> affects more fragile individuals, such as immunocompromised hosts through opportunistic infections, <i>C. gattii</i> causes a serious indiscriminate primary infection in immunocompetent individuals. Typically seen in tropical and subtropical environments, <i>C. gattii</i> has increased its endemic area over recent years, largely due to climatic factors that favor contagion in warmer climates. It is important to point out that not only <i>C. gattii</i>, but the <i>Cryptococcus</i> species complex produces a polysaccharidic capsule with immunomodulatory properties, enabling the pathogenic species of <i>Cryptococccus</i> to subvert the host immune response during the establishment of cryptococcosis, facilitating its dissemination in the infected organism. <i>C. gattii</i> causes a more severe and difficult-to-treat infection, with few antifungals eliciting an effective response during chronic treatment. Much of the immunopathology of this cryptococcosis is still poorly understood, with most studies focusing on cryptococcosis caused by the species <i>C. neoformans</i>. <i>C. gattii</i> became more important in the epidemiological scenario with the outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, which resulted in phylogenetic studies of the virulent variant responsible for the severe infection in the region. Since then, the study of cryptococcosis caused by <i>C. gattii</i> has helped researchers understand the immunopathological aspects of different variants of this pathogen.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/14/7086<i>Cryptococcus gattii</i><i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>cryptococcosisinfectionvirulence factorimmunomodulation |
| spellingShingle | Israel Diniz-Lima Leonardo Marques da Fonseca Elias Barbosa da Silva-Junior Joyce Cristina Guimarães-de-Oliveira Leonardo Freire-de-Lima Danielle Oliveira Nascimento Alexandre Morrot Jose Osvaldo Previato Lucia Mendonça-Previato Debora Decote-Ricardo Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima <i>Cryptococcus</i>: History, Epidemiology and Immune Evasion Applied Sciences <i>Cryptococcus gattii</i> <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> cryptococcosis infection virulence factor immunomodulation |
| title | <i>Cryptococcus</i>: History, Epidemiology and Immune Evasion |
| title_full | <i>Cryptococcus</i>: History, Epidemiology and Immune Evasion |
| title_fullStr | <i>Cryptococcus</i>: History, Epidemiology and Immune Evasion |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Cryptococcus</i>: History, Epidemiology and Immune Evasion |
| title_short | <i>Cryptococcus</i>: History, Epidemiology and Immune Evasion |
| title_sort | i cryptococcus i history epidemiology and immune evasion |
| topic | <i>Cryptococcus gattii</i> <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> cryptococcosis infection virulence factor immunomodulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/14/7086 |
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