Biocompatible Sulphonated PEEK Spheres: Influence of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Swelling Behavior
This work aimed to develop and evaluate the influence of processing variables on the morphology and swelling of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) spheres for possible applications as a biomaterial. We used the drip method to obtain spheres with the polymer starting solutions SPEEK-6 (<i...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-08-01
|
| Series: | Polymers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/17/2920 |
| _version_ | 1797520949117976576 |
|---|---|
| author | Mayelli Dantas de Sá José William de Lima Souza Henrique Nunes da Silva Rodolfo Henrique Nogueira Torres Michele Dayane Rodrigues Leite Rossemberg Cardoso Barbosa Itamara Farias Leite Cristiane Agra Pimentel Marcus Vinicius Lia Fook |
| author_facet | Mayelli Dantas de Sá José William de Lima Souza Henrique Nunes da Silva Rodolfo Henrique Nogueira Torres Michele Dayane Rodrigues Leite Rossemberg Cardoso Barbosa Itamara Farias Leite Cristiane Agra Pimentel Marcus Vinicius Lia Fook |
| author_sort | Mayelli Dantas de Sá |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work aimed to develop and evaluate the influence of processing variables on the morphology and swelling of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) spheres for possible applications as a biomaterial. We used the drip method to obtain spheres with the polymer starting solutions SPEEK-6 (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>: 6%) and SPEEK-10 (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>: 10%), drip rates (20 and 30 mL/h), and drip heights (5 and 10 cm) in experimental planning. The samples were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscopy (OM), the absorption capacity of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by swelling (%), and statistical analysis of data through Design of Experiments (DOE). The obtained results evidenced that the processing variables influenced the morphology and swelling. Spheres with a bigger concentration of the polymer solution presented a greater degree of sulfonation (DS). We verified that the diameter of the spheres was directly related to the variable height and the sphericity was associated with the speed and viscosity of the solution. Bigger and more pores in a greater amount were observed in the spheres with a greater DS, influencing the behavior of the swelling in PBS. The better variable combinations with a high DS, regular sphericity, a smaller diameter, and greater swelling were the samples S<sub>2</sub>-10-20-5 e S<sub>10</sub>-10-20-5. The cytotoxicity indicated that the best samples obtained in the experimental planning (S<sub>2</sub>-10-20-5 and S<sub>10</sub>-10-20-5) were not toxic. In that regard, the evaluated spheres presented cell viability and swelling capacity, suggesting their possible applications as biomaterials. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:05:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-357b163efa3d4171b7b9846f5d944364 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:05:43Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-357b163efa3d4171b7b9846f5d9443642023-11-22T11:05:20ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-08-011317292010.3390/polym13172920Biocompatible Sulphonated PEEK Spheres: Influence of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Swelling BehaviorMayelli Dantas de Sá0José William de Lima Souza1Henrique Nunes da Silva2Rodolfo Henrique Nogueira Torres3Michele Dayane Rodrigues Leite4Rossemberg Cardoso Barbosa5Itamara Farias Leite6Cristiane Agra Pimentel7Marcus Vinicius Lia Fook8Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB 58429-900, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB 58429-900, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB 58429-900, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB 58429-900, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB 58429-900, BrazilDepartment of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB 58429-900, BrazilDepartment of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, BrazilDepartment of Production Engineering, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Feira de Santana, BA 44380-000, BrazilDepartment of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB 58429-900, BrazilThis work aimed to develop and evaluate the influence of processing variables on the morphology and swelling of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) spheres for possible applications as a biomaterial. We used the drip method to obtain spheres with the polymer starting solutions SPEEK-6 (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>: 6%) and SPEEK-10 (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>: 10%), drip rates (20 and 30 mL/h), and drip heights (5 and 10 cm) in experimental planning. The samples were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscopy (OM), the absorption capacity of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by swelling (%), and statistical analysis of data through Design of Experiments (DOE). The obtained results evidenced that the processing variables influenced the morphology and swelling. Spheres with a bigger concentration of the polymer solution presented a greater degree of sulfonation (DS). We verified that the diameter of the spheres was directly related to the variable height and the sphericity was associated with the speed and viscosity of the solution. Bigger and more pores in a greater amount were observed in the spheres with a greater DS, influencing the behavior of the swelling in PBS. The better variable combinations with a high DS, regular sphericity, a smaller diameter, and greater swelling were the samples S<sub>2</sub>-10-20-5 e S<sub>10</sub>-10-20-5. The cytotoxicity indicated that the best samples obtained in the experimental planning (S<sub>2</sub>-10-20-5 and S<sub>10</sub>-10-20-5) were not toxic. In that regard, the evaluated spheres presented cell viability and swelling capacity, suggesting their possible applications as biomaterials.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/17/2920chemical modificationSPEEKspheresprocessing variables |
| spellingShingle | Mayelli Dantas de Sá José William de Lima Souza Henrique Nunes da Silva Rodolfo Henrique Nogueira Torres Michele Dayane Rodrigues Leite Rossemberg Cardoso Barbosa Itamara Farias Leite Cristiane Agra Pimentel Marcus Vinicius Lia Fook Biocompatible Sulphonated PEEK Spheres: Influence of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Swelling Behavior Polymers chemical modification SPEEK spheres processing variables |
| title | Biocompatible Sulphonated PEEK Spheres: Influence of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Swelling Behavior |
| title_full | Biocompatible Sulphonated PEEK Spheres: Influence of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Swelling Behavior |
| title_fullStr | Biocompatible Sulphonated PEEK Spheres: Influence of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Swelling Behavior |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biocompatible Sulphonated PEEK Spheres: Influence of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Swelling Behavior |
| title_short | Biocompatible Sulphonated PEEK Spheres: Influence of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Swelling Behavior |
| title_sort | biocompatible sulphonated peek spheres influence of processing conditions on morphology and swelling behavior |
| topic | chemical modification SPEEK spheres processing variables |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/17/2920 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mayellidantasdesa biocompatiblesulphonatedpeekspheresinfluenceofprocessingconditionsonmorphologyandswellingbehavior AT josewilliamdelimasouza biocompatiblesulphonatedpeekspheresinfluenceofprocessingconditionsonmorphologyandswellingbehavior AT henriquenunesdasilva biocompatiblesulphonatedpeekspheresinfluenceofprocessingconditionsonmorphologyandswellingbehavior AT rodolfohenriquenogueiratorres biocompatiblesulphonatedpeekspheresinfluenceofprocessingconditionsonmorphologyandswellingbehavior AT micheledayanerodriguesleite biocompatiblesulphonatedpeekspheresinfluenceofprocessingconditionsonmorphologyandswellingbehavior AT rossembergcardosobarbosa biocompatiblesulphonatedpeekspheresinfluenceofprocessingconditionsonmorphologyandswellingbehavior AT itamarafariasleite biocompatiblesulphonatedpeekspheresinfluenceofprocessingconditionsonmorphologyandswellingbehavior AT cristianeagrapimentel biocompatiblesulphonatedpeekspheresinfluenceofprocessingconditionsonmorphologyandswellingbehavior AT marcusviniciusliafook biocompatiblesulphonatedpeekspheresinfluenceofprocessingconditionsonmorphologyandswellingbehavior |