Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Treating Panic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Objective: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective intervention for patients with panic disorder (PD). From a theoretical perspective, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy could also be useful in the treatment of PD because: (1) panic attacks can be experienced as...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2017-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychology |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01409/full |
| _version_ | 1819262394145177600 |
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| author | Ferdinand Horst Brenda Den Oudsten Wobbe Zijlstra Wobbe Zijlstra Ad de Jongh Ad de Jongh Ad de Jongh Jill Lobbestael Jolanda De Vries Jolanda De Vries |
| author_facet | Ferdinand Horst Brenda Den Oudsten Wobbe Zijlstra Wobbe Zijlstra Ad de Jongh Ad de Jongh Ad de Jongh Jill Lobbestael Jolanda De Vries Jolanda De Vries |
| author_sort | Ferdinand Horst |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective intervention for patients with panic disorder (PD). From a theoretical perspective, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy could also be useful in the treatment of PD because: (1) panic attacks can be experienced as life threatening; (2) panic memories specific to PD resemble traumatic memories as seen in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); and (3) PD often develops following a distressing life event. The primary objective of this Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), was to compare EMDR therapy with CBT for PD and determine whether EMDR is not worse than CBT in reducing panic symptoms and improving Quality Of Life (QOL).Methods: Two-arm (CBT and EMDR) parallel RCT in patients with PD (N = 84). Patients were measured at baseline (T1), directly after the last therapy session (T2), and 3 months after ending therapy (T3). Non-inferiority testing (linear mixed model with intention-to-treat analysis) was applied. Patients were randomly assigned to 13 weekly 60-min sessions of CBT (N = 42) or EMDR therapy (N = 42). Standard protocols were used. The primary outcome measure was severity of PD at T3, as measured with the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ), the Body Sensations Questionnaire (BSQ), and the Mobility Inventory (MI). The secondary outcome measure was QOL, as measured with the World Health Organization Quality of Life short version (WHOQOL-Bref), at T3.Results: The severity of PD variables ACQ and BSQ showed non-inferiority of EMDR to CBT, while MI was inconclusive (adjusted analyses). Overall QOL and general health, Psychological health, Social relationships, and Environment showed non-inferiority of EMDR to CBT, while Physical health was inconclusive.Conclusion: EMDR therapy proved to be as effective as CBT for treating PD patients.Trial Registration: Dutch Trial Register, Nr. 3134 http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=3134 |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-23T19:57:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3591a5bbd22640deb6bd88d207b1789e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-1078 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T19:57:00Z |
| publishDate | 2017-08-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Psychology |
| spelling | doaj.art-3591a5bbd22640deb6bd88d207b1789e2022-12-21T17:33:12ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782017-08-01810.3389/fpsyg.2017.01409278739Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Treating Panic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled TrialFerdinand Horst0Brenda Den Oudsten1Wobbe Zijlstra2Wobbe Zijlstra3Ad de Jongh4Ad de Jongh5Ad de Jongh6Jill Lobbestael7Jolanda De Vries8Jolanda De Vries9Department of Psychiatry, St. Elisabeth HospitalTilburg, NetherlandsDepartment of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Centre of Research on Psychology in Somatic DiseasesTilburg, NetherlandsDepartment of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Centre of Research on Psychology in Somatic DiseasesTilburg, NetherlandsDepartment of Education and Research, St. Elisabeth HospitalTilburg, NetherlandsDepartment of Behavioral Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU UniversityAmsterdam, NetherlandsSchool of Health Sciences, Salford UniversityManchester, United KingdomInstitute of Health and Society, University of WorcesterWorcester, United KingdomDepartment of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, NetherlandsDepartment of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Centre of Research on Psychology in Somatic DiseasesTilburg, NetherlandsDepartment of Medical Psychology, St. Elisabeth HospitalTilburg, NetherlandsObjective: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective intervention for patients with panic disorder (PD). From a theoretical perspective, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy could also be useful in the treatment of PD because: (1) panic attacks can be experienced as life threatening; (2) panic memories specific to PD resemble traumatic memories as seen in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); and (3) PD often develops following a distressing life event. The primary objective of this Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), was to compare EMDR therapy with CBT for PD and determine whether EMDR is not worse than CBT in reducing panic symptoms and improving Quality Of Life (QOL).Methods: Two-arm (CBT and EMDR) parallel RCT in patients with PD (N = 84). Patients were measured at baseline (T1), directly after the last therapy session (T2), and 3 months after ending therapy (T3). Non-inferiority testing (linear mixed model with intention-to-treat analysis) was applied. Patients were randomly assigned to 13 weekly 60-min sessions of CBT (N = 42) or EMDR therapy (N = 42). Standard protocols were used. The primary outcome measure was severity of PD at T3, as measured with the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ), the Body Sensations Questionnaire (BSQ), and the Mobility Inventory (MI). The secondary outcome measure was QOL, as measured with the World Health Organization Quality of Life short version (WHOQOL-Bref), at T3.Results: The severity of PD variables ACQ and BSQ showed non-inferiority of EMDR to CBT, while MI was inconclusive (adjusted analyses). Overall QOL and general health, Psychological health, Social relationships, and Environment showed non-inferiority of EMDR to CBT, while Physical health was inconclusive.Conclusion: EMDR therapy proved to be as effective as CBT for treating PD patients.Trial Registration: Dutch Trial Register, Nr. 3134 http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=3134http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01409/fullEMDRCBTPanic disorderpsychotherapyRCT |
| spellingShingle | Ferdinand Horst Brenda Den Oudsten Wobbe Zijlstra Wobbe Zijlstra Ad de Jongh Ad de Jongh Ad de Jongh Jill Lobbestael Jolanda De Vries Jolanda De Vries Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Treating Panic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial Frontiers in Psychology EMDR CBT Panic disorder psychotherapy RCT |
| title | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Treating Panic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial |
| title_full | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Treating Panic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial |
| title_fullStr | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Treating Panic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Treating Panic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial |
| title_short | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Treating Panic Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial |
| title_sort | cognitive behavioral therapy vs eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treating panic disorder a randomized controlled trial |
| topic | EMDR CBT Panic disorder psychotherapy RCT |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01409/full |
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