The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications
In this paper, we propose and validate an artificial neural network-based equalizer for the constant power 4-level pulse amplitude modulation in an optical camera communications system. We introduce new terminology to measure the quality of the communications link in terms of the number of row pixel...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2826 |
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| author | Othman Isam Younus Navid Bani Hassan Zabih Ghassemlooy Stanislav Zvanovec Luis Nero Alves Hoa Le-Minh |
| author_facet | Othman Isam Younus Navid Bani Hassan Zabih Ghassemlooy Stanislav Zvanovec Luis Nero Alves Hoa Le-Minh |
| author_sort | Othman Isam Younus |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, we propose and validate an artificial neural network-based equalizer for the constant power 4-level pulse amplitude modulation in an optical camera communications system. We introduce new terminology to measure the quality of the communications link in terms of the number of row pixels per symbol <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mrow><mi>pps</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, which allows a fair comparison considering the progress made in the development of the current image sensors in terms of the frame rates and the resolutions of each frame. Using the proposed equalizer, we experimentally demonstrate a non-flickering system using a single light-emitting diode (LED) with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mrow><mi>pps</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> of 20 and 30 pixels/symbol for the unequalized and equalized systems, respectively. Potential transmission rates of up to 18.6 and 24.4 kbps are achieved with and without the equalization, respectively. The quality of the received signal is assessed using the eye-diagram opening and its linearity and the bit error rate performance. An acceptable bit error rate (below the forward error correction limit) and an improvement of ~66% in the eye linearity are achieved using a single LED and a typical commercial camera with equalization. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:14:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-35c0f9d987cb453b88d8a507757ac64b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:14:15Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-35c0f9d987cb453b88d8a507757ac64b2023-11-21T15:57:24ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-04-01218282610.3390/s21082826The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera CommunicationsOthman Isam Younus0Navid Bani Hassan1Zabih Ghassemlooy2Stanislav Zvanovec3Luis Nero Alves4Hoa Le-Minh5Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UKInstitute of Photonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UKOptical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UKDepartment of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16627 Prague, Czech RepublicInstituto de Telecomunicações and Departamento de Electrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalOptical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UKIn this paper, we propose and validate an artificial neural network-based equalizer for the constant power 4-level pulse amplitude modulation in an optical camera communications system. We introduce new terminology to measure the quality of the communications link in terms of the number of row pixels per symbol <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mrow><mi>pps</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, which allows a fair comparison considering the progress made in the development of the current image sensors in terms of the frame rates and the resolutions of each frame. Using the proposed equalizer, we experimentally demonstrate a non-flickering system using a single light-emitting diode (LED) with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mrow><mi>pps</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> of 20 and 30 pixels/symbol for the unequalized and equalized systems, respectively. Potential transmission rates of up to 18.6 and 24.4 kbps are achieved with and without the equalization, respectively. The quality of the received signal is assessed using the eye-diagram opening and its linearity and the bit error rate performance. An acceptable bit error rate (below the forward error correction limit) and an improvement of ~66% in the eye linearity are achieved using a single LED and a typical commercial camera with equalization.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2826CP 4-PAMoptical camera communicationsANN equalizer |
| spellingShingle | Othman Isam Younus Navid Bani Hassan Zabih Ghassemlooy Stanislav Zvanovec Luis Nero Alves Hoa Le-Minh The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications Sensors CP 4-PAM optical camera communications ANN equalizer |
| title | The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications |
| title_full | The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications |
| title_fullStr | The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications |
| title_short | The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications |
| title_sort | utilization of artificial neural network equalizer in optical camera communications |
| topic | CP 4-PAM optical camera communications ANN equalizer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2826 |
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