Sociodemographic factors associated with IgG and IgM seroprevalence for human cytomegalovirus infection in adult populations of Pakistan: a seroprevalence survey
Abstract Background The seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection ranges from 30 to 90 % in developed countries. Reliable estimates of HCMV seroprevalence are not available for Pakistan. This study determined the seroprevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with HCMV infecti...
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| Language: | English |
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BMC
2016-10-01
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| Series: | BMC Public Health |
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| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-016-3772-8 |
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| author | Saira Ibrahim Anwar A. Siddiqui Amna R. Siddiqui Waquaruddin Ahmed Paul A. H. Moss El-Nasir M. A. Lalani |
| author_facet | Saira Ibrahim Anwar A. Siddiqui Amna R. Siddiqui Waquaruddin Ahmed Paul A. H. Moss El-Nasir M. A. Lalani |
| author_sort | Saira Ibrahim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection ranges from 30 to 90 % in developed countries. Reliable estimates of HCMV seroprevalence are not available for Pakistan. This study determined the seroprevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with HCMV infection in adult populations of Karachi, Pakistan. Methods A seroprevalence survey was conducted on 1000 adults, including residents of two semi-urban communities, and visitors to a government and a private hospital. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted. Sera were analysed for HCMV-specific IgG and IgM. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used for comparing sociodemographic variables against seropositivity of HCMV-IgG or IgM. Multiple logistic regression modeling was performed for IgG seroprevalence and adjusted odds ratios were computed. Results The seroprevalence of HCMV-IgG and IgM was 93.2 and 4.3 % respectively. 95.3 % of individuals who were IgM seropositive were also seropositive for IgG. Around 6 % (15/250) of women of childbearing age remained uninfected and were therefore susceptible to primary infection. HCMV-IgG seroprevalence was associated with being female (p = 0.001), increasing age (p = 0.002) and crowding index (p = 0.003) and also with lower levels of both education (p < 0.001) and income (p = 0.008). Seroprevalence also differed significantly by marital status (p = 0.008) and sampling location (p < 0.001). A logistic regression model for HCMV-IgG seroprevalence showed associations with being female (OR = 1.89; 95 % CI: 1.10–3.25), increasing age (OR = 3.95; 95 % CI: 1.79–8.71) and decreasing income (OR = 0.72; 95 % CI: 0.54–0.96). A strong association was observed between increased seroprevalence of HCMV-IgM and decreasing household size (p = 0.008). Conclusions Seroprevalence of HCMV is very high in Pakistan, although 6 % of women of childbearing age remain at risk of primary infection. The IgM seropositivity observed in some individuals living in small household size (1–3 individuals) with persistent HCMV infection could have resulted from a recurrent HCMV infection. Future longitudinal research in pregnant women and neonates is required to study the trends in HCMV seroprevalence over time in Pakistan for the development of a potential HCMV prevention and vaccination programme. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T19:22:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-35cd1c723dfa4965835d4ab6774039fa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T19:22:45Z |
| publishDate | 2016-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-35cd1c723dfa4965835d4ab6774039fa2022-12-21T18:52:54ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582016-10-011611910.1186/s12889-016-3772-8Sociodemographic factors associated with IgG and IgM seroprevalence for human cytomegalovirus infection in adult populations of Pakistan: a seroprevalence surveySaira Ibrahim0Anwar A. Siddiqui1Amna R. Siddiqui2Waquaruddin Ahmed3Paul A. H. Moss4El-Nasir M. A. Lalani5Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan UniversityDepartment of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan UniversityDepartment of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan UniversityPakistan Medical Research Council, Research Centre, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical CentreInstitute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of BirminghamDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan UniversityAbstract Background The seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection ranges from 30 to 90 % in developed countries. Reliable estimates of HCMV seroprevalence are not available for Pakistan. This study determined the seroprevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with HCMV infection in adult populations of Karachi, Pakistan. Methods A seroprevalence survey was conducted on 1000 adults, including residents of two semi-urban communities, and visitors to a government and a private hospital. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted. Sera were analysed for HCMV-specific IgG and IgM. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used for comparing sociodemographic variables against seropositivity of HCMV-IgG or IgM. Multiple logistic regression modeling was performed for IgG seroprevalence and adjusted odds ratios were computed. Results The seroprevalence of HCMV-IgG and IgM was 93.2 and 4.3 % respectively. 95.3 % of individuals who were IgM seropositive were also seropositive for IgG. Around 6 % (15/250) of women of childbearing age remained uninfected and were therefore susceptible to primary infection. HCMV-IgG seroprevalence was associated with being female (p = 0.001), increasing age (p = 0.002) and crowding index (p = 0.003) and also with lower levels of both education (p < 0.001) and income (p = 0.008). Seroprevalence also differed significantly by marital status (p = 0.008) and sampling location (p < 0.001). A logistic regression model for HCMV-IgG seroprevalence showed associations with being female (OR = 1.89; 95 % CI: 1.10–3.25), increasing age (OR = 3.95; 95 % CI: 1.79–8.71) and decreasing income (OR = 0.72; 95 % CI: 0.54–0.96). A strong association was observed between increased seroprevalence of HCMV-IgM and decreasing household size (p = 0.008). Conclusions Seroprevalence of HCMV is very high in Pakistan, although 6 % of women of childbearing age remain at risk of primary infection. The IgM seropositivity observed in some individuals living in small household size (1–3 individuals) with persistent HCMV infection could have resulted from a recurrent HCMV infection. Future longitudinal research in pregnant women and neonates is required to study the trends in HCMV seroprevalence over time in Pakistan for the development of a potential HCMV prevention and vaccination programme.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-016-3772-8Human cytomegalovirusSeroprevalenceIgGIgMSociodemographic factorsPakistan |
| spellingShingle | Saira Ibrahim Anwar A. Siddiqui Amna R. Siddiqui Waquaruddin Ahmed Paul A. H. Moss El-Nasir M. A. Lalani Sociodemographic factors associated with IgG and IgM seroprevalence for human cytomegalovirus infection in adult populations of Pakistan: a seroprevalence survey BMC Public Health Human cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence IgG IgM Sociodemographic factors Pakistan |
| title | Sociodemographic factors associated with IgG and IgM seroprevalence for human cytomegalovirus infection in adult populations of Pakistan: a seroprevalence survey |
| title_full | Sociodemographic factors associated with IgG and IgM seroprevalence for human cytomegalovirus infection in adult populations of Pakistan: a seroprevalence survey |
| title_fullStr | Sociodemographic factors associated with IgG and IgM seroprevalence for human cytomegalovirus infection in adult populations of Pakistan: a seroprevalence survey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sociodemographic factors associated with IgG and IgM seroprevalence for human cytomegalovirus infection in adult populations of Pakistan: a seroprevalence survey |
| title_short | Sociodemographic factors associated with IgG and IgM seroprevalence for human cytomegalovirus infection in adult populations of Pakistan: a seroprevalence survey |
| title_sort | sociodemographic factors associated with igg and igm seroprevalence for human cytomegalovirus infection in adult populations of pakistan a seroprevalence survey |
| topic | Human cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence IgG IgM Sociodemographic factors Pakistan |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12889-016-3772-8 |
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