PV Temperature Prediction Incorporating the Effect of Humidity and Cooling Due to Seawater Flow and Evaporation on Modules Simulating Floating PV Conditions
The temperature prediction for floating PV (FPV) must account for the effect of humidity. In this work, PV temperature prediction for steady-state T<sub>pv</sub> and transient conditions T<sub>pv</sub>(t) incorporates the effect of humidity and cooling due to seawater (s.w.)...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/12/4756 |
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| author | Socrates Kaplanis Eleni Kaplani John K. Kaldellis |
| author_facet | Socrates Kaplanis Eleni Kaplani John K. Kaldellis |
| author_sort | Socrates Kaplanis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The temperature prediction for floating PV (FPV) must account for the effect of humidity. In this work, PV temperature prediction for steady-state T<sub>pv</sub> and transient conditions T<sub>pv</sub>(t) incorporates the effect of humidity and cooling due to seawater (s.w.) splashing and evaporation on PV modules. The proposed formulas take as main inputs the in-plane solar irradiance<sub>,</sub> wind speed, ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH), and s.w. temperature. The transient effects of s.w. splashing and the evaporation of the s.w. layer from the module are theoretically described considering the layer’s thickness using Navier–Stokes equations. T<sub>pv</sub> and T<sub>pv</sub>(t) measurements were taken before and after s.w. splashing on c-Si modules at the seashore and inland. PV temperature predictions compared to measured values showed very good agreement. The 55% RH at the seashore versus 45% inland caused the T<sub>pv</sub> to decrease by 18%. The T<sub>pv</sub>(t) at the end of the s.w. flow of 50–75 mL/s/m on the module at the seashore was 35–51% lower than the T<sub>pv</sub> inland. This T<sub>pv</sub>(t) profile depends on the s.w. splashing, lasts for about 1 min, and is attributed to higher convection, water cooling, and evaporation on the modules. The PV efficiency at FPV conditions was estimated to be 4–11.5% higher compared to inland. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:30:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-35fa656fe79d47f4ab6a0876435dc2e9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:30:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-35fa656fe79d47f4ab6a0876435dc2e92023-11-18T10:13:42ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732023-06-011612475610.3390/en16124756PV Temperature Prediction Incorporating the Effect of Humidity and Cooling Due to Seawater Flow and Evaporation on Modules Simulating Floating PV ConditionsSocrates Kaplanis0Eleni Kaplani1John K. Kaldellis2Laboratory of Soft Energy Applications and Environmental Protection, University of West Attica, 12201 Athens, GreeceSchool of Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UKLaboratory of Soft Energy Applications and Environmental Protection, University of West Attica, 12201 Athens, GreeceThe temperature prediction for floating PV (FPV) must account for the effect of humidity. In this work, PV temperature prediction for steady-state T<sub>pv</sub> and transient conditions T<sub>pv</sub>(t) incorporates the effect of humidity and cooling due to seawater (s.w.) splashing and evaporation on PV modules. The proposed formulas take as main inputs the in-plane solar irradiance<sub>,</sub> wind speed, ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH), and s.w. temperature. The transient effects of s.w. splashing and the evaporation of the s.w. layer from the module are theoretically described considering the layer’s thickness using Navier–Stokes equations. T<sub>pv</sub> and T<sub>pv</sub>(t) measurements were taken before and after s.w. splashing on c-Si modules at the seashore and inland. PV temperature predictions compared to measured values showed very good agreement. The 55% RH at the seashore versus 45% inland caused the T<sub>pv</sub> to decrease by 18%. The T<sub>pv</sub>(t) at the end of the s.w. flow of 50–75 mL/s/m on the module at the seashore was 35–51% lower than the T<sub>pv</sub> inland. This T<sub>pv</sub>(t) profile depends on the s.w. splashing, lasts for about 1 min, and is attributed to higher convection, water cooling, and evaporation on the modules. The PV efficiency at FPV conditions was estimated to be 4–11.5% higher compared to inland.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/12/4756seawater PV coolingevaporation coolinghumidity enhanced convectionPV temperature profilesFPV |
| spellingShingle | Socrates Kaplanis Eleni Kaplani John K. Kaldellis PV Temperature Prediction Incorporating the Effect of Humidity and Cooling Due to Seawater Flow and Evaporation on Modules Simulating Floating PV Conditions Energies seawater PV cooling evaporation cooling humidity enhanced convection PV temperature profiles FPV |
| title | PV Temperature Prediction Incorporating the Effect of Humidity and Cooling Due to Seawater Flow and Evaporation on Modules Simulating Floating PV Conditions |
| title_full | PV Temperature Prediction Incorporating the Effect of Humidity and Cooling Due to Seawater Flow and Evaporation on Modules Simulating Floating PV Conditions |
| title_fullStr | PV Temperature Prediction Incorporating the Effect of Humidity and Cooling Due to Seawater Flow and Evaporation on Modules Simulating Floating PV Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | PV Temperature Prediction Incorporating the Effect of Humidity and Cooling Due to Seawater Flow and Evaporation on Modules Simulating Floating PV Conditions |
| title_short | PV Temperature Prediction Incorporating the Effect of Humidity and Cooling Due to Seawater Flow and Evaporation on Modules Simulating Floating PV Conditions |
| title_sort | pv temperature prediction incorporating the effect of humidity and cooling due to seawater flow and evaporation on modules simulating floating pv conditions |
| topic | seawater PV cooling evaporation cooling humidity enhanced convection PV temperature profiles FPV |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/12/4756 |
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