Effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning pattern
<h4>Purpose</h4> To investigate the effect of the addition of a low concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) solutions on the tear ferning (TF) patterns of tears collected from humans. <h4>Methods</h4> A tear sample (20 μL) was collected from the r...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2023-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9897561/?tool=EBI |
| _version_ | 1811170931463159808 |
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| author | Essam S. Almutleb Gamal A. El-Hiti Hesham A. Al-Dawas Mohammed K. Alanzi Mohammed Alquwayi Abdullah G. Alotaibi Mashaaer A. Baashen Basal H. Altoaimi Saud A. Alanazi Ali M. Masmali |
| author_facet | Essam S. Almutleb Gamal A. El-Hiti Hesham A. Al-Dawas Mohammed K. Alanzi Mohammed Alquwayi Abdullah G. Alotaibi Mashaaer A. Baashen Basal H. Altoaimi Saud A. Alanazi Ali M. Masmali |
| author_sort | Essam S. Almutleb |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Purpose</h4> To investigate the effect of the addition of a low concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) solutions on the tear ferning (TF) patterns of tears collected from humans. <h4>Methods</h4> A tear sample (20 μL) was collected from the right eye of 23 males and 7 females (25.4 ± 6.6 years). The tears were collected in one sitting for healthy subjects (N = 13). For dry eye participants (N = 17), the tear samples were collected in two separate settings with five minutes gap in between. A sample (1 μL) from each tear was dried on a glass slide, and the obtained ferns were observed using a microscope and graded using the five-point TF grading scale. Mixtures of tear samples (0.5 μL) and different volumes (0.5–2.5 μL) of each electrolyte (10–30 mg in 100 mL of water) solution were prepared, and their TF patterns were recorded and compared with those of the corresponding pure tears. <h4>Results</h4> Significant improvements (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.001) have been seen in the TF grades of the tear samples after the addition of NaCl and KCl solutions. A significant difference (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.016) was found between the TF grades when NaCl and KCl solutions were added to the tear samples. The TF grades of pure tears collected from dry-eye subjects ranged from 2.1 to 3.5, based on the five points grading scale, and decreased to be in the range of 0.4 to 1.6 after the addition of electrolyte solutions. While the TF grades of pure tears collected from normal-eye ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 and improved after the addition of electrolyte solution to be in the range of 0.4 to 1.5. <h4>Conclusions</h4> The TF test was used in vitro to assess the impact of the addition of a low concentration of sodium and potassium chloride solutions on tears collected from humans. The TF grades of human tears significantly improved after the addition of either sodium or potassium chloride solution. The mechanism for the improvement in TF grades due to the addition of electrolyte solutions must be investigated. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T17:04:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3605274a3b9544d39ea34da03faf25dc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T17:04:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-3605274a3b9544d39ea34da03faf25dc2023-02-06T05:31:02ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032023-01-01182Effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning patternEssam S. AlmutlebGamal A. El-HitiHesham A. Al-DawasMohammed K. AlanziMohammed AlquwayiAbdullah G. AlotaibiMashaaer A. BaashenBasal H. AltoaimiSaud A. AlanaziAli M. Masmali<h4>Purpose</h4> To investigate the effect of the addition of a low concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) solutions on the tear ferning (TF) patterns of tears collected from humans. <h4>Methods</h4> A tear sample (20 μL) was collected from the right eye of 23 males and 7 females (25.4 ± 6.6 years). The tears were collected in one sitting for healthy subjects (N = 13). For dry eye participants (N = 17), the tear samples were collected in two separate settings with five minutes gap in between. A sample (1 μL) from each tear was dried on a glass slide, and the obtained ferns were observed using a microscope and graded using the five-point TF grading scale. Mixtures of tear samples (0.5 μL) and different volumes (0.5–2.5 μL) of each electrolyte (10–30 mg in 100 mL of water) solution were prepared, and their TF patterns were recorded and compared with those of the corresponding pure tears. <h4>Results</h4> Significant improvements (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.001) have been seen in the TF grades of the tear samples after the addition of NaCl and KCl solutions. A significant difference (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.016) was found between the TF grades when NaCl and KCl solutions were added to the tear samples. The TF grades of pure tears collected from dry-eye subjects ranged from 2.1 to 3.5, based on the five points grading scale, and decreased to be in the range of 0.4 to 1.6 after the addition of electrolyte solutions. While the TF grades of pure tears collected from normal-eye ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 and improved after the addition of electrolyte solution to be in the range of 0.4 to 1.5. <h4>Conclusions</h4> The TF test was used in vitro to assess the impact of the addition of a low concentration of sodium and potassium chloride solutions on tears collected from humans. The TF grades of human tears significantly improved after the addition of either sodium or potassium chloride solution. The mechanism for the improvement in TF grades due to the addition of electrolyte solutions must be investigated.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9897561/?tool=EBI |
| spellingShingle | Essam S. Almutleb Gamal A. El-Hiti Hesham A. Al-Dawas Mohammed K. Alanzi Mohammed Alquwayi Abdullah G. Alotaibi Mashaaer A. Baashen Basal H. Altoaimi Saud A. Alanazi Ali M. Masmali Effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning pattern PLoS ONE |
| title | Effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning pattern |
| title_full | Effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning pattern |
| title_fullStr | Effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning pattern |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning pattern |
| title_short | Effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning pattern |
| title_sort | effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning pattern |
| url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9897561/?tool=EBI |
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