The Effect of Propofol on a Forced Swim Test in Mice at 24 Hours
ABSTRACT: Background: There are few rapidly acting treatments for acute suicidality or treatment-resistant depression. Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is an intravenous anesthetic agent used in outpatient settings. It is a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A agonist and has affinity at the N-methyl-D-a...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2020-01-01
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| Series: | Current Therapeutic Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011393X20300163 |
| _version_ | 1818244322083995648 |
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| author | David G. Daniel, MD Noah G. Daniel Donald T. Daniel Laura Copeland Flynn, MS Michael H. Allen, MD |
| author_facet | David G. Daniel, MD Noah G. Daniel Donald T. Daniel Laura Copeland Flynn, MS Michael H. Allen, MD |
| author_sort | David G. Daniel, MD |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT: Background: There are few rapidly acting treatments for acute suicidality or treatment-resistant depression. Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is an intravenous anesthetic agent used in outpatient settings. It is a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A agonist and has affinity at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Elevation in mood and sociality in humans has been observed following propofol-induced anesthesia. Other authors reported an open-label study of repeated dosing of propofol in treatment-resistant depression in which several patients experienced sustained improvement. Recently, we reported that in a rodent model of despair, a forced swim test, 45 minutes after administration of 50 mg/kg propofol, immobility time was significantly reduced. Objective: The objective of the experiment was to determine whether the antidepressant-like effects of a single dose of propofol in mice are sustained for 24 hours. Methods: The time spent immobile during a forced swim test 24 hours after intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of propofol 50 mg/kg or 0.9% saline was evaluated in 24 adult male mice (C57/BL6). Immobility time was quantified and evaluated with a custom video analysis software program. Results: Propofol-treated mice were immobile for a mean (SEM) time of 115 (13) seconds, whereas saline-treated mice were immobile for a mean (SEM) time of 94 (14) seconds. A 2-tailed unpaired t test found no significant difference between the treatment groups (t = 1.07, df = 22; P = 0.30). Conclusions: Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal administration, the effect of propofol on immobility time was not statistically significantly different from vehicle. However, given our previous report of at least a short-term benefit of propofol on struggling time in the forced swim time and an encouraging pilot study in humans with treatment-resistant depression, further evaluation of propofol's antidepressant potential may be warranted. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T14:15:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-366602e60d57412fa1ebafbe007647ca |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0011-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T14:15:10Z |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Current Therapeutic Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-366602e60d57412fa1ebafbe007647ca2022-12-22T00:21:56ZengElsevierCurrent Therapeutic Research0011-393X2020-01-0192100590The Effect of Propofol on a Forced Swim Test in Mice at 24 HoursDavid G. Daniel, MD0Noah G. Daniel1Donald T. Daniel2Laura Copeland Flynn, MS3Michael H. Allen, MD4Bioniche Global Development, McLean, Virginia; Address correspondence to: David Daniel, Bioniche Global Development, PO Box 7137, McLean, VA 22106.Dartmouth College, Hanover, New HampshireBrown University, LLC, Providence, Rhode IslandLCF Consulting, LLC, Lake Forest, IllinoisUniversity of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, ColoradoABSTRACT: Background: There are few rapidly acting treatments for acute suicidality or treatment-resistant depression. Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is an intravenous anesthetic agent used in outpatient settings. It is a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A agonist and has affinity at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Elevation in mood and sociality in humans has been observed following propofol-induced anesthesia. Other authors reported an open-label study of repeated dosing of propofol in treatment-resistant depression in which several patients experienced sustained improvement. Recently, we reported that in a rodent model of despair, a forced swim test, 45 minutes after administration of 50 mg/kg propofol, immobility time was significantly reduced. Objective: The objective of the experiment was to determine whether the antidepressant-like effects of a single dose of propofol in mice are sustained for 24 hours. Methods: The time spent immobile during a forced swim test 24 hours after intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of propofol 50 mg/kg or 0.9% saline was evaluated in 24 adult male mice (C57/BL6). Immobility time was quantified and evaluated with a custom video analysis software program. Results: Propofol-treated mice were immobile for a mean (SEM) time of 115 (13) seconds, whereas saline-treated mice were immobile for a mean (SEM) time of 94 (14) seconds. A 2-tailed unpaired t test found no significant difference between the treatment groups (t = 1.07, df = 22; P = 0.30). Conclusions: Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal administration, the effect of propofol on immobility time was not statistically significantly different from vehicle. However, given our previous report of at least a short-term benefit of propofol on struggling time in the forced swim time and an encouraging pilot study in humans with treatment-resistant depression, further evaluation of propofol's antidepressant potential may be warranted.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011393X20300163Depressionforced swim testGABApropofolsuicide |
| spellingShingle | David G. Daniel, MD Noah G. Daniel Donald T. Daniel Laura Copeland Flynn, MS Michael H. Allen, MD The Effect of Propofol on a Forced Swim Test in Mice at 24 Hours Current Therapeutic Research Depression forced swim test GABA propofol suicide |
| title | The Effect of Propofol on a Forced Swim Test in Mice at 24 Hours |
| title_full | The Effect of Propofol on a Forced Swim Test in Mice at 24 Hours |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Propofol on a Forced Swim Test in Mice at 24 Hours |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Propofol on a Forced Swim Test in Mice at 24 Hours |
| title_short | The Effect of Propofol on a Forced Swim Test in Mice at 24 Hours |
| title_sort | effect of propofol on a forced swim test in mice at 24 hours |
| topic | Depression forced swim test GABA propofol suicide |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011393X20300163 |
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