Clarifying the neural substrates of threat and safety reversal learning in humans
Responding flexibly to sources of threat and safety is critical to the adaptive regulation of emotions, including fear. At a neural systems level, such flexibility is thought to rely on an extended neural circuitry involving the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and ventromedial prefrontal cor...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2020-02-01
|
| Series: | NeuroImage |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811919310183 |
| _version_ | 1818962553654476800 |
|---|---|
| author | Hannah S. Savage Christopher G. Davey Miquel A. Fullana Ben J. Harrison |
| author_facet | Hannah S. Savage Christopher G. Davey Miquel A. Fullana Ben J. Harrison |
| author_sort | Hannah S. Savage |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Responding flexibly to sources of threat and safety is critical to the adaptive regulation of emotions, including fear. At a neural systems level, such flexibility is thought to rely on an extended neural circuitry involving the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortices (vmPFC), although precisely how this occurs remains unclear. Using a novel fear reversal task and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined the neural correlates of threat and safety reversal learning and their associations with individual differences in anxious responding in a large sample of healthy adolescents and young adults. Overall, participants demonstrated successful threat and safety reversal learning, as indexed by subjective ratings. At a whole-brain level, threat reversal was associated with significant activation of the bilateral anterior insular cortex and dACC, in particular its rostral subregion. Conversely, safety reversal led to significant activation of the anterior vmPFC, together with posterior mid-line regions. Further analyses of regional responses suggested a more selective role for the rostral dACC in threat signal updating, as well as a direct association of its activity with participants’ change in subjective anxious arousal to the reversed threat. Taken together, our findings complement existing neurocircuitry models of human fear regulation, particularly regarding the importance of midline cortical regions, and provide further insights into their specific contribution to flexible threat-safety signal processing. In particular, our results suggest that rostral dACC function may be more centrally involved in regulating levels of anxious arousal when flexibility is required. They also raise important questions regarding the vmPFC’s role in safety learning, particularly involving its hypothesized subregional contributions to response inhibitory versus stimulus value processing functions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T12:31:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-36777926b8e9461db6ad437b82c95759 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1095-9572 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T12:31:09Z |
| publishDate | 2020-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | NeuroImage |
| spelling | doaj.art-36777926b8e9461db6ad437b82c957592022-12-21T19:40:43ZengElsevierNeuroImage1095-95722020-02-01207116427Clarifying the neural substrates of threat and safety reversal learning in humansHannah S. Savage0Christopher G. Davey1Miquel A. Fullana2Ben J. Harrison3Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Corresponding author. Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 161 Barry St, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia.Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, AustraliaAdult Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, SpainMelbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Corresponding author. Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 161 Barry St. Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia.Responding flexibly to sources of threat and safety is critical to the adaptive regulation of emotions, including fear. At a neural systems level, such flexibility is thought to rely on an extended neural circuitry involving the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortices (vmPFC), although precisely how this occurs remains unclear. Using a novel fear reversal task and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined the neural correlates of threat and safety reversal learning and their associations with individual differences in anxious responding in a large sample of healthy adolescents and young adults. Overall, participants demonstrated successful threat and safety reversal learning, as indexed by subjective ratings. At a whole-brain level, threat reversal was associated with significant activation of the bilateral anterior insular cortex and dACC, in particular its rostral subregion. Conversely, safety reversal led to significant activation of the anterior vmPFC, together with posterior mid-line regions. Further analyses of regional responses suggested a more selective role for the rostral dACC in threat signal updating, as well as a direct association of its activity with participants’ change in subjective anxious arousal to the reversed threat. Taken together, our findings complement existing neurocircuitry models of human fear regulation, particularly regarding the importance of midline cortical regions, and provide further insights into their specific contribution to flexible threat-safety signal processing. In particular, our results suggest that rostral dACC function may be more centrally involved in regulating levels of anxious arousal when flexibility is required. They also raise important questions regarding the vmPFC’s role in safety learning, particularly involving its hypothesized subregional contributions to response inhibitory versus stimulus value processing functions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811919310183ThreatSafetyReversal learningFear conditioningVentromedial prefrontal cortexAnterior cingulate cortex |
| spellingShingle | Hannah S. Savage Christopher G. Davey Miquel A. Fullana Ben J. Harrison Clarifying the neural substrates of threat and safety reversal learning in humans NeuroImage Threat Safety Reversal learning Fear conditioning Ventromedial prefrontal cortex Anterior cingulate cortex |
| title | Clarifying the neural substrates of threat and safety reversal learning in humans |
| title_full | Clarifying the neural substrates of threat and safety reversal learning in humans |
| title_fullStr | Clarifying the neural substrates of threat and safety reversal learning in humans |
| title_full_unstemmed | Clarifying the neural substrates of threat and safety reversal learning in humans |
| title_short | Clarifying the neural substrates of threat and safety reversal learning in humans |
| title_sort | clarifying the neural substrates of threat and safety reversal learning in humans |
| topic | Threat Safety Reversal learning Fear conditioning Ventromedial prefrontal cortex Anterior cingulate cortex |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811919310183 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hannahssavage clarifyingtheneuralsubstratesofthreatandsafetyreversallearninginhumans AT christophergdavey clarifyingtheneuralsubstratesofthreatandsafetyreversallearninginhumans AT miquelafullana clarifyingtheneuralsubstratesofthreatandsafetyreversallearninginhumans AT benjharrison clarifyingtheneuralsubstratesofthreatandsafetyreversallearninginhumans |