Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases
Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and potent adjuvant to boost the immune response to the antigen. After a slow start, over the last decade there has b...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/2/423 |
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| author | Jing-Xing Yang Jen-Chih Tseng Guann-Yi Yu Yunping Luo Chi-Ying F. Huang Yi-Ren Hong Tsung-Hsien Chuang |
| author_facet | Jing-Xing Yang Jen-Chih Tseng Guann-Yi Yu Yunping Luo Chi-Ying F. Huang Yi-Ren Hong Tsung-Hsien Chuang |
| author_sort | Jing-Xing Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and potent adjuvant to boost the immune response to the antigen. After a slow start, over the last decade there has been increased developments on adjuvants for human vaccines. The development of adjuvants has paralleled our increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms for the pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated activation of immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of PRRs that recognize microbial pathogens to initiate a host’s response to infection. Activation of TLRs triggers potent and immediate innate immune responses, which leads to subsequent adaptive immune responses. Therefore, these TLRs are ideal targets for the development of effective adjuvants. To date, TLR agonists such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and CpG-1018 have been formulated in licensed vaccines for their adjuvant activity, and other TLR agonists are being developed for this purpose. The COVID-19 pandemic has also accelerated clinical research of vaccines containing TLR agonist-based adjuvants. In this paper, we reviewed the agonists for TLR activation and the molecular mechanisms associated with the adjuvants’ effects on TLR activation, emphasizing recent advances in the development of TLR agonist-based vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:13:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-36d28852d5384879af9418306ae3ab5f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:13:47Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-36d28852d5384879af9418306ae3ab5f2023-11-23T21:39:07ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232022-02-0114242310.3390/pharmaceutics14020423Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious DiseasesJing-Xing Yang0Jen-Chih Tseng1Guann-Yi Yu2Yunping Luo3Chi-Ying F. Huang4Yi-Ren Hong5Tsung-Hsien Chuang6Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, TaiwanImmunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, TaiwanNational Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, TaiwanDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, ChinaInstitute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, TaiwanGraduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, TaiwanImmunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, TaiwanVaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and potent adjuvant to boost the immune response to the antigen. After a slow start, over the last decade there has been increased developments on adjuvants for human vaccines. The development of adjuvants has paralleled our increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms for the pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated activation of immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of PRRs that recognize microbial pathogens to initiate a host’s response to infection. Activation of TLRs triggers potent and immediate innate immune responses, which leads to subsequent adaptive immune responses. Therefore, these TLRs are ideal targets for the development of effective adjuvants. To date, TLR agonists such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and CpG-1018 have been formulated in licensed vaccines for their adjuvant activity, and other TLR agonists are being developed for this purpose. The COVID-19 pandemic has also accelerated clinical research of vaccines containing TLR agonist-based adjuvants. In this paper, we reviewed the agonists for TLR activation and the molecular mechanisms associated with the adjuvants’ effects on TLR activation, emphasizing recent advances in the development of TLR agonist-based vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/2/423adjuvantnasal adjuvanttoll-like receptorvaccinemRNA vaccine |
| spellingShingle | Jing-Xing Yang Jen-Chih Tseng Guann-Yi Yu Yunping Luo Chi-Ying F. Huang Yi-Ren Hong Tsung-Hsien Chuang Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases Pharmaceutics adjuvant nasal adjuvant toll-like receptor vaccine mRNA vaccine |
| title | Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases |
| title_full | Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases |
| title_short | Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases |
| title_sort | recent advances in the development of toll like receptor agonist based vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases |
| topic | adjuvant nasal adjuvant toll-like receptor vaccine mRNA vaccine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/2/423 |
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