Mg<sup>2+</sup> Doping Effects on the Structural and Dielectric Properties of CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Ceramics Obtained by Mechanochemical Synthesis
In this study, ceramic CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (CCTO) and CaCu<sub>3−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> solid solutions in which 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 were prepared by the mechanochemical...
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| author | Piotr Dulian Wojciech Bąk Mateusz Piz Barbara Garbarz-Glos Olena V. Sachuk Krystyna Wieczorek-Ciurowa Agata Lisińska-Czekaj Dionizy Czekaj |
| author_facet | Piotr Dulian Wojciech Bąk Mateusz Piz Barbara Garbarz-Glos Olena V. Sachuk Krystyna Wieczorek-Ciurowa Agata Lisińska-Czekaj Dionizy Czekaj |
| author_sort | Piotr Dulian |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, ceramic CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (CCTO) and CaCu<sub>3−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> solid solutions in which 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 were prepared by the mechanochemical method, realized by a high-energy ball milling technique. The effects of the Mg<sup>2+</sup> ion concentration and sintering time on the dielectric response in the prepared ceramics were investigated and discussed. It was demonstrated that, by the use of a sufficiently high energy of mechanochemical treatment, it is possible to produce a crystalline product after only 2 h of milling the mixture of the oxide substrates. Both the addition of magnesium ions and the longer sintering time of the mechanochemically-produced ceramics cause excessive grain growth and significantly affect the dielectric properties of the materials. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that all of the as-prepared solid solutions, CaCu<sub>3−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5), regardless of the sintering time, exhibit a cubic perovskite single phase. The dielectric study showed two major contributions associated with the grains and the grain boundaries. The analysis of the electric modules of these ceramics confirmed the occurrence of Maxwell–Wagner type relaxation, which is dependent on the temperature. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:46:56Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:46:56Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-36d530b8577d4b299b9c20c41032f3db2023-12-03T12:20:27ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-03-01145118710.3390/ma14051187Mg<sup>2+</sup> Doping Effects on the Structural and Dielectric Properties of CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Ceramics Obtained by Mechanochemical SynthesisPiotr Dulian0Wojciech Bąk1Mateusz Piz2Barbara Garbarz-Glos3Olena V. Sachuk4Krystyna Wieczorek-Ciurowa5Agata Lisińska-Czekaj6Dionizy Czekaj7Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Cracow, PolandInstitute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, 2 Podchorążych St., 30-084 Kraków, PolandDepartment of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, PolandInstitute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, 2 Podchorążych St., 30-084 Kraków, PolandNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute for Sorption and Problems of Endoecology, 13 General Naumova St., 03164 Kyiv, UkraineFaculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Cracow, PolandFaculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, PolandFaculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, PolandIn this study, ceramic CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (CCTO) and CaCu<sub>3−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> solid solutions in which 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 were prepared by the mechanochemical method, realized by a high-energy ball milling technique. The effects of the Mg<sup>2+</sup> ion concentration and sintering time on the dielectric response in the prepared ceramics were investigated and discussed. It was demonstrated that, by the use of a sufficiently high energy of mechanochemical treatment, it is possible to produce a crystalline product after only 2 h of milling the mixture of the oxide substrates. Both the addition of magnesium ions and the longer sintering time of the mechanochemically-produced ceramics cause excessive grain growth and significantly affect the dielectric properties of the materials. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that all of the as-prepared solid solutions, CaCu<sub>3−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5), regardless of the sintering time, exhibit a cubic perovskite single phase. The dielectric study showed two major contributions associated with the grains and the grain boundaries. The analysis of the electric modules of these ceramics confirmed the occurrence of Maxwell–Wagner type relaxation, which is dependent on the temperature.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/5/1187mechanochemical synthesisceramicsCaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (CCTO)dielectric spectroscopyrelaxation processes |
| spellingShingle | Piotr Dulian Wojciech Bąk Mateusz Piz Barbara Garbarz-Glos Olena V. Sachuk Krystyna Wieczorek-Ciurowa Agata Lisińska-Czekaj Dionizy Czekaj Mg<sup>2+</sup> Doping Effects on the Structural and Dielectric Properties of CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Ceramics Obtained by Mechanochemical Synthesis Materials mechanochemical synthesis ceramics CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (CCTO) dielectric spectroscopy relaxation processes |
| title | Mg<sup>2+</sup> Doping Effects on the Structural and Dielectric Properties of CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Ceramics Obtained by Mechanochemical Synthesis |
| title_full | Mg<sup>2+</sup> Doping Effects on the Structural and Dielectric Properties of CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Ceramics Obtained by Mechanochemical Synthesis |
| title_fullStr | Mg<sup>2+</sup> Doping Effects on the Structural and Dielectric Properties of CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Ceramics Obtained by Mechanochemical Synthesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mg<sup>2+</sup> Doping Effects on the Structural and Dielectric Properties of CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Ceramics Obtained by Mechanochemical Synthesis |
| title_short | Mg<sup>2+</sup> Doping Effects on the Structural and Dielectric Properties of CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Ceramics Obtained by Mechanochemical Synthesis |
| title_sort | mg sup 2 sup doping effects on the structural and dielectric properties of cacu sub 3 sub ti sub 4 sub o sub 12 sub ceramics obtained by mechanochemical synthesis |
| topic | mechanochemical synthesis ceramics CaCu<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (CCTO) dielectric spectroscopy relaxation processes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/5/1187 |
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