Associations between Poorer Mental Health with Work-Related Effort, Reward, and Overcommitment among a Sample of Formal US Solid Waste Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Background: Effort–reward imbalance (ERI) and overcommitment at work have been associated poorer mental health. However, nonlinear and nonadditive effects have not been investigated previously. Methods: The association between effort, reward, and overcommitment with odds of poorer mental health was...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Safety and Health at Work |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2093791123000045 |
| _version_ | 1797698304554827776 |
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| author | Abas Shkembi Aurora B. Le Richard L. Neitzel |
| author_facet | Abas Shkembi Aurora B. Le Richard L. Neitzel |
| author_sort | Abas Shkembi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Effort–reward imbalance (ERI) and overcommitment at work have been associated poorer mental health. However, nonlinear and nonadditive effects have not been investigated previously. Methods: The association between effort, reward, and overcommitment with odds of poorer mental health was examined among a sample of 68 formal United States waste workers (87% male). Traditional, logistic regression and Bayesian Kernel machine regression (BKMR) modeling was conducted. Models controlled for age, education level, race, gender, union status, and physical health status. Results: The traditional, logistic regression found only overcommitment was significantly associated with poorer mental health (IQR increase: OR = 6.7; 95% CI: 1.7 to 25.5) when controlling for effort and reward (or ERI alone). Results from the BKMR showed that a simultaneous IQR increase in higher effort, lower reward, and higher overcommitment was associated with 6.6 (95% CI: 1.7 to 33.4) times significantly higher odds of poorer mental health. An IQR increase in overcommitment was associated with 5.6 (95% CI: 1.6 to 24.9) times significantly higher odds of poorer mental health when controlling for effort and reward. Higher effort and lower reward at work may not always be associated with poorer mental health but rather they may have an inverse, U-shaped relationship with mental health. No interaction between effort, reward, or overcommitment was observed. Conclusion: When taking into the consideration the relationship between effort, reward, and overcommitment, overcommitment may be most indicative of poorer mental health. Organizations should assess their workers' perceptions of overcommitment to target potential areas of improvement to enhance mental health outcomes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:52:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-36d8640b8be844e5b7099a15cd82dfd8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2093-7911 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:52:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Safety and Health at Work |
| spelling | doaj.art-36d8640b8be844e5b7099a15cd82dfd82023-09-03T12:13:00ZengElsevierSafety and Health at Work2093-79112023-03-011419399Associations between Poorer Mental Health with Work-Related Effort, Reward, and Overcommitment among a Sample of Formal US Solid Waste Workers during the COVID-19 PandemicAbas Shkembi0Aurora B. Le1Richard L. Neitzel2Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USACorresponding author. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USADepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USABackground: Effort–reward imbalance (ERI) and overcommitment at work have been associated poorer mental health. However, nonlinear and nonadditive effects have not been investigated previously. Methods: The association between effort, reward, and overcommitment with odds of poorer mental health was examined among a sample of 68 formal United States waste workers (87% male). Traditional, logistic regression and Bayesian Kernel machine regression (BKMR) modeling was conducted. Models controlled for age, education level, race, gender, union status, and physical health status. Results: The traditional, logistic regression found only overcommitment was significantly associated with poorer mental health (IQR increase: OR = 6.7; 95% CI: 1.7 to 25.5) when controlling for effort and reward (or ERI alone). Results from the BKMR showed that a simultaneous IQR increase in higher effort, lower reward, and higher overcommitment was associated with 6.6 (95% CI: 1.7 to 33.4) times significantly higher odds of poorer mental health. An IQR increase in overcommitment was associated with 5.6 (95% CI: 1.6 to 24.9) times significantly higher odds of poorer mental health when controlling for effort and reward. Higher effort and lower reward at work may not always be associated with poorer mental health but rather they may have an inverse, U-shaped relationship with mental health. No interaction between effort, reward, or overcommitment was observed. Conclusion: When taking into the consideration the relationship between effort, reward, and overcommitment, overcommitment may be most indicative of poorer mental health. Organizations should assess their workers' perceptions of overcommitment to target potential areas of improvement to enhance mental health outcomes.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2093791123000045Bayesian Kernel machine regression (BKMR)Effort–reward imbalanceMental healthPsychosocial factorsWaste workers |
| spellingShingle | Abas Shkembi Aurora B. Le Richard L. Neitzel Associations between Poorer Mental Health with Work-Related Effort, Reward, and Overcommitment among a Sample of Formal US Solid Waste Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic Safety and Health at Work Bayesian Kernel machine regression (BKMR) Effort–reward imbalance Mental health Psychosocial factors Waste workers |
| title | Associations between Poorer Mental Health with Work-Related Effort, Reward, and Overcommitment among a Sample of Formal US Solid Waste Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_full | Associations between Poorer Mental Health with Work-Related Effort, Reward, and Overcommitment among a Sample of Formal US Solid Waste Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_fullStr | Associations between Poorer Mental Health with Work-Related Effort, Reward, and Overcommitment among a Sample of Formal US Solid Waste Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Associations between Poorer Mental Health with Work-Related Effort, Reward, and Overcommitment among a Sample of Formal US Solid Waste Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_short | Associations between Poorer Mental Health with Work-Related Effort, Reward, and Overcommitment among a Sample of Formal US Solid Waste Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_sort | associations between poorer mental health with work related effort reward and overcommitment among a sample of formal us solid waste workers during the covid 19 pandemic |
| topic | Bayesian Kernel machine regression (BKMR) Effort–reward imbalance Mental health Psychosocial factors Waste workers |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2093791123000045 |
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