Blood Biomarkers in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Review in Context of Anesthetic Care
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder after dementia. Preclinical and epidemiological data strongly suggest that chronic neuroinflammation slowly induces neuronal dysfunction. Activated microglia secrete several neurotoxic substances, such as chem...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Diagnostics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/4/693 |
| _version_ | 1797621495428546560 |
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| author | Jin Joo Jongmin Jeong Hue Jung Park |
| author_facet | Jin Joo Jongmin Jeong Hue Jung Park |
| author_sort | Jin Joo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder after dementia. Preclinical and epidemiological data strongly suggest that chronic neuroinflammation slowly induces neuronal dysfunction. Activated microglia secrete several neurotoxic substances, such as chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines, which may promote blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeabilization. CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells comprise proinflammatory cells such as T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, as well as anti-inflammatory cells such as Th2 and T regulatory cells (Tregs). Th1 and Th17 cells can be detrimental to dopamine neurons, whereas Th2 and Tregs are neuroprotective. The results of studies on the serum levels of cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α secreted by Th1 T cells, IL-8 and IL-10 secreted by Th2 T cells, and IL-17 secreted by Th17 cells in PD patients are not uniform. In addition, the relationships between serum cytokine levels and motor and non-motor symptoms of PD are controversial. Surgical stress and anesthesia induce inflammatory responses by disturbing the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which may exacerbate the neuroinflammatory response in PD patients. Here we review studies on blood inflammatory biomarkers in PD patients and discuss the roles of surgery and anesthesia in PD progression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:56:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-37046c62cd7e44d79765e0a1de3280a4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4418 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:56:46Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diagnostics |
| spelling | doaj.art-37046c62cd7e44d79765e0a1de3280a42023-11-16T20:01:37ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182023-02-0113469310.3390/diagnostics13040693Blood Biomarkers in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Review in Context of Anesthetic CareJin Joo0Jongmin Jeong1Hue Jung Park2Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of KoreaParkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder after dementia. Preclinical and epidemiological data strongly suggest that chronic neuroinflammation slowly induces neuronal dysfunction. Activated microglia secrete several neurotoxic substances, such as chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines, which may promote blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeabilization. CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells comprise proinflammatory cells such as T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, as well as anti-inflammatory cells such as Th2 and T regulatory cells (Tregs). Th1 and Th17 cells can be detrimental to dopamine neurons, whereas Th2 and Tregs are neuroprotective. The results of studies on the serum levels of cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α secreted by Th1 T cells, IL-8 and IL-10 secreted by Th2 T cells, and IL-17 secreted by Th17 cells in PD patients are not uniform. In addition, the relationships between serum cytokine levels and motor and non-motor symptoms of PD are controversial. Surgical stress and anesthesia induce inflammatory responses by disturbing the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which may exacerbate the neuroinflammatory response in PD patients. Here we review studies on blood inflammatory biomarkers in PD patients and discuss the roles of surgery and anesthesia in PD progression.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/4/693Parkinson’s diseaseinflammatory biomarkerssurgeryanesthesiablood-brain barrier |
| spellingShingle | Jin Joo Jongmin Jeong Hue Jung Park Blood Biomarkers in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Review in Context of Anesthetic Care Diagnostics Parkinson’s disease inflammatory biomarkers surgery anesthesia blood-brain barrier |
| title | Blood Biomarkers in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Review in Context of Anesthetic Care |
| title_full | Blood Biomarkers in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Review in Context of Anesthetic Care |
| title_fullStr | Blood Biomarkers in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Review in Context of Anesthetic Care |
| title_full_unstemmed | Blood Biomarkers in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Review in Context of Anesthetic Care |
| title_short | Blood Biomarkers in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Review in Context of Anesthetic Care |
| title_sort | blood biomarkers in patients with parkinson s disease a review in context of anesthetic care |
| topic | Parkinson’s disease inflammatory biomarkers surgery anesthesia blood-brain barrier |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/4/693 |
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