| Summary: | The transportation sector is a major source of greenhouse gases and air pollutants, and it has a crucial effect on the synergistic reduction of NO<sub>x</sub> and carbon. In order to find the energy-efficient vehicle technologies with the highest net reduction potential and lowest net reduction cost over the life cycle, this study traced the CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emission streams of 33 energy-efficient technologies, hidden in the supply chain during the production phase, through structural path analysis, and measured the emission reductions during the use phase using the emission factor method. Moreover, we applied structural decomposition analysis to quantify the three main drivers, including emission intensity, industrial structure, and final demand, of changes in CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from 11 transport subsectors during 2012–2018. Results indicate that CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of the transport sector more than doubled from 2012 to 2018; however, the influence of NO<sub>x</sub> was less significant. The final demand of the road subsector was the most significant driver contributing to CO<sub>2</sub> emission changes, with an increase of 109.27 Mt. The emission intensity of road transportation caused the greatest mitigation effect on NO<sub>x</sub> emission changes, with a decrease of 1902 Kt. The findings of the scenario analysis demonstrate that the most efficient action of the pure electric technology for passenger cars reduces 20.92 Mt NO<sub>x</sub> emissions, and the parallel hybrid technology for heavy trucks offers the greatest cost effectiveness with a net abatement of 2577 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> over its life cycle. Consequently, the aggressive development of new energy technology has become a prerequisite strategy to synergistically reduce CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions.
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