Analysis of Distance and Environmental Impact on UAV Acoustic Detection
This article explores the challenge of acoustic drone detection in real-world scenarios, with an emphasis on the impact of distance, to see how sound propagation affects drone detection. Learning machines of varying complexity are used for detection, ranging from simpler methods such as linear discr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Electronics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/13/3/643 |
| _version_ | 1797318856531771392 |
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| author | Diana Tejera-Berengue Fangfang Zhu-Zhou Manuel Utrilla-Manso Roberto Gil-Pita Manuel Rosa-Zurera |
| author_facet | Diana Tejera-Berengue Fangfang Zhu-Zhou Manuel Utrilla-Manso Roberto Gil-Pita Manuel Rosa-Zurera |
| author_sort | Diana Tejera-Berengue |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This article explores the challenge of acoustic drone detection in real-world scenarios, with an emphasis on the impact of distance, to see how sound propagation affects drone detection. Learning machines of varying complexity are used for detection, ranging from simpler methods such as linear discriminant, multilayer perceptron, support vector machines, and random forest to more complex approaches based on deep neural networks like YAMNet. Our evaluation meticulously assesses the performance of these methods using a carefully curated database of a wide variety of drones and interference sounds. This database, processed through array signal processing and influenced by ambient noise, provides a realistic basis for our analyses. For this purpose, two different training strategies are explored. In the first approach, the learning machines are trained with unattenuated signals, aiming to preserve the inherent information of the sound sources. Subsequently, testing is then carried out under attenuated conditions at various distances, with interfering sounds. In this scenario, effective detection is achieved up to 200 m, which is particularly notable with the linear discriminant method. The second strategy involves training and testing with attenuated signals to consider different distances from the source. This strategy significantly extends the effective detection ranges, reaching up to 300 m for most methods and up to 500 m for the YAMNet-based detector. Additionally, this approach raises the possibility of having specialized detectors for specific distance ranges, significantly expanding the range of effective drone detection. Our study highlights the potential of drone acoustic detection at different distances and encourages further exploration in this research area. Unique contributions include the discovery that training with attenuated signals with a worse signal-to-noise ratio allows the improvement of the general performance of learning machine-based detectors, increasing the effective detection range achieved, and the feasibility of real-time detection, even with very complex learning machines, opening avenues for practical applications in real-world surveillance scenarios. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:58:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-373bf6e2f84744d3b9646b066f36aa23 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-9292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:58:28Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Electronics |
| spelling | doaj.art-373bf6e2f84744d3b9646b066f36aa232024-02-09T15:10:56ZengMDPI AGElectronics2079-92922024-02-0113364310.3390/electronics13030643Analysis of Distance and Environmental Impact on UAV Acoustic DetectionDiana Tejera-Berengue0Fangfang Zhu-Zhou1Manuel Utrilla-Manso2Roberto Gil-Pita3Manuel Rosa-Zurera4Signal Theory and Communications Department, University of Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, SpainSignal Theory and Communications Department, University of Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, SpainSignal Theory and Communications Department, University of Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, SpainSignal Theory and Communications Department, University of Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, SpainSignal Theory and Communications Department, University of Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, SpainThis article explores the challenge of acoustic drone detection in real-world scenarios, with an emphasis on the impact of distance, to see how sound propagation affects drone detection. Learning machines of varying complexity are used for detection, ranging from simpler methods such as linear discriminant, multilayer perceptron, support vector machines, and random forest to more complex approaches based on deep neural networks like YAMNet. Our evaluation meticulously assesses the performance of these methods using a carefully curated database of a wide variety of drones and interference sounds. This database, processed through array signal processing and influenced by ambient noise, provides a realistic basis for our analyses. For this purpose, two different training strategies are explored. In the first approach, the learning machines are trained with unattenuated signals, aiming to preserve the inherent information of the sound sources. Subsequently, testing is then carried out under attenuated conditions at various distances, with interfering sounds. In this scenario, effective detection is achieved up to 200 m, which is particularly notable with the linear discriminant method. The second strategy involves training and testing with attenuated signals to consider different distances from the source. This strategy significantly extends the effective detection ranges, reaching up to 300 m for most methods and up to 500 m for the YAMNet-based detector. Additionally, this approach raises the possibility of having specialized detectors for specific distance ranges, significantly expanding the range of effective drone detection. Our study highlights the potential of drone acoustic detection at different distances and encourages further exploration in this research area. Unique contributions include the discovery that training with attenuated signals with a worse signal-to-noise ratio allows the improvement of the general performance of learning machine-based detectors, increasing the effective detection range achieved, and the feasibility of real-time detection, even with very complex learning machines, opening avenues for practical applications in real-world surveillance scenarios.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/13/3/643UAVdetectiondistanceROCmachine learningtransfer learning |
| spellingShingle | Diana Tejera-Berengue Fangfang Zhu-Zhou Manuel Utrilla-Manso Roberto Gil-Pita Manuel Rosa-Zurera Analysis of Distance and Environmental Impact on UAV Acoustic Detection Electronics UAV detection distance ROC machine learning transfer learning |
| title | Analysis of Distance and Environmental Impact on UAV Acoustic Detection |
| title_full | Analysis of Distance and Environmental Impact on UAV Acoustic Detection |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Distance and Environmental Impact on UAV Acoustic Detection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Distance and Environmental Impact on UAV Acoustic Detection |
| title_short | Analysis of Distance and Environmental Impact on UAV Acoustic Detection |
| title_sort | analysis of distance and environmental impact on uav acoustic detection |
| topic | UAV detection distance ROC machine learning transfer learning |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/13/3/643 |
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