Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the Relationship between the Two Immune Responses
ABSTRACT We investigated how differences in age, sex, or vaccine type can affect humoral and cellular immune responses after vaccination with vector (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), mix-and-match (first, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and second, BNT162b2), or mRNA (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) vaccines against severe acute respirat...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
American Society for Microbiology
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Microbiology Spectrum |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.02495-21 |
| _version_ | 1811188258476916736 |
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| author | Minjeong Nam Seung Gyu Yun Sang-wook Kim Chris Gunwoo Kim Jae Hyun Cha Cheonghwa Lee Seunghyuk Kang Seul Gi Park Sun Bean Kim Ki-Byung Lee You-Seung Chung Myung-Hyun Nam Chang Kyu Lee Yunjung Cho |
| author_facet | Minjeong Nam Seung Gyu Yun Sang-wook Kim Chris Gunwoo Kim Jae Hyun Cha Cheonghwa Lee Seunghyuk Kang Seul Gi Park Sun Bean Kim Ki-Byung Lee You-Seung Chung Myung-Hyun Nam Chang Kyu Lee Yunjung Cho |
| author_sort | Minjeong Nam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT We investigated how differences in age, sex, or vaccine type can affect humoral and cellular immune responses after vaccination with vector (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), mix-and-match (first, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and second, BNT162b2), or mRNA (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Venous blood was collected from 573 subjects (vector, 396; mix-and-match, 96; and mRNA, 81) before the first vaccination (T0), 7 to 8 weeks (vector) or 3 to 4 weeks (mRNA) after the first vaccination (T1), and 3 to 4 weeks after the second vaccination (T2). The humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated using Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Roche), Alinity SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant (Abbott), cPass SARS-CoV-2 neutralization antibody detection (GenScript), and QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 (Qiagen) kits. At T1, the levels of the receptor-binding domain antibodies (RBD Ab) and neutralizing antibodies (NAb) decreased with aging, but interferon gamma release (IGR) levels increased. The RBD Ab, NAb, and IGR levels were higher in females than in males at T1 and T2. The NAb levels were higher in the mix-and-match and mRNA vaccine groups than in the vector vaccine group at T2. The RBD Ab and IGR levels were higher in the mRNA vaccine group than in the vector or mix-and-match vaccine groups at T2. The optimal cutoffs for RBD Ab and NAb, which were used to determine the presence of T cell responses, were 5.7 binding antibody units per milliliter (BAU mL−1) and 12.0 IU mL−1, respectively. Age, sex, and vaccine type affected the humoral and cellular immune responses, and T cell responses could be estimated from RBD Ab and NAb levels. IMPORTANCE There have been few studies that comprehensively evaluated factors affecting immune responses and the correlation between humoral and cellular immune responses after vector, mix-and-match, and mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of age, sex, and the different vaccine regimens on the immune responses to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The correlation between humoral and cellular immune responses and the cutoffs were derived for RBD antibodies and neutralizing antibodies to predict the presence of the cellular immune responses. In this comprehensive study, we demonstrated that there were differences in the immune responses induced after vaccination depending on the age and sex of an individual. Among the three vaccine regimens, the mix-and-match and mRNA vaccines induced the most robust immune responses. Finally, the proposed optimal cutoffs for RBD and neutralizing antibodies may be useful for predicting cellular immune responses when assays for cellular immune responses are not available. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T14:17:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-375101458c4e4f8e876df78c684e4a45 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2165-0497 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T14:17:06Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | American Society for Microbiology |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microbiology Spectrum |
| spelling | doaj.art-375101458c4e4f8e876df78c684e4a452022-12-22T04:19:14ZengAmerican Society for MicrobiologyMicrobiology Spectrum2165-04972022-08-0110410.1128/spectrum.02495-21Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the Relationship between the Two Immune ResponsesMinjeong Nam0Seung Gyu Yun1Sang-wook Kim2Chris Gunwoo Kim3Jae Hyun Cha4Cheonghwa Lee5Seunghyuk Kang6Seul Gi Park7Sun Bean Kim8Ki-Byung Lee9You-Seung Chung10Myung-Hyun Nam11Chang Kyu Lee12Yunjung Cho13Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaGyeryong City Health, Gyeryong-si, Chungcheongnam-do, South KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South KoreaABSTRACT We investigated how differences in age, sex, or vaccine type can affect humoral and cellular immune responses after vaccination with vector (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), mix-and-match (first, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and second, BNT162b2), or mRNA (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Venous blood was collected from 573 subjects (vector, 396; mix-and-match, 96; and mRNA, 81) before the first vaccination (T0), 7 to 8 weeks (vector) or 3 to 4 weeks (mRNA) after the first vaccination (T1), and 3 to 4 weeks after the second vaccination (T2). The humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated using Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Roche), Alinity SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant (Abbott), cPass SARS-CoV-2 neutralization antibody detection (GenScript), and QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 (Qiagen) kits. At T1, the levels of the receptor-binding domain antibodies (RBD Ab) and neutralizing antibodies (NAb) decreased with aging, but interferon gamma release (IGR) levels increased. The RBD Ab, NAb, and IGR levels were higher in females than in males at T1 and T2. The NAb levels were higher in the mix-and-match and mRNA vaccine groups than in the vector vaccine group at T2. The RBD Ab and IGR levels were higher in the mRNA vaccine group than in the vector or mix-and-match vaccine groups at T2. The optimal cutoffs for RBD Ab and NAb, which were used to determine the presence of T cell responses, were 5.7 binding antibody units per milliliter (BAU mL−1) and 12.0 IU mL−1, respectively. Age, sex, and vaccine type affected the humoral and cellular immune responses, and T cell responses could be estimated from RBD Ab and NAb levels. IMPORTANCE There have been few studies that comprehensively evaluated factors affecting immune responses and the correlation between humoral and cellular immune responses after vector, mix-and-match, and mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of age, sex, and the different vaccine regimens on the immune responses to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The correlation between humoral and cellular immune responses and the cutoffs were derived for RBD antibodies and neutralizing antibodies to predict the presence of the cellular immune responses. In this comprehensive study, we demonstrated that there were differences in the immune responses induced after vaccination depending on the age and sex of an individual. Among the three vaccine regimens, the mix-and-match and mRNA vaccines induced the most robust immune responses. Finally, the proposed optimal cutoffs for RBD and neutralizing antibodies may be useful for predicting cellular immune responses when assays for cellular immune responses are not available.https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.02495-21cellular immune responseshumoral immune responsesvector vaccinemix-and-match vaccinemRNA vaccine |
| spellingShingle | Minjeong Nam Seung Gyu Yun Sang-wook Kim Chris Gunwoo Kim Jae Hyun Cha Cheonghwa Lee Seunghyuk Kang Seul Gi Park Sun Bean Kim Ki-Byung Lee You-Seung Chung Myung-Hyun Nam Chang Kyu Lee Yunjung Cho Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the Relationship between the Two Immune Responses Microbiology Spectrum cellular immune responses humoral immune responses vector vaccine mix-and-match vaccine mRNA vaccine |
| title | Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the Relationship between the Two Immune Responses |
| title_full | Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the Relationship between the Two Immune Responses |
| title_fullStr | Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the Relationship between the Two Immune Responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the Relationship between the Two Immune Responses |
| title_short | Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the Relationship between the Two Immune Responses |
| title_sort | humoral and cellular immune responses to vector mix and match or mrna vaccines against sars cov 2 and the relationship between the two immune responses |
| topic | cellular immune responses humoral immune responses vector vaccine mix-and-match vaccine mRNA vaccine |
| url | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.02495-21 |
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