Teratogenic, Oxidative Stress and Behavioural Outcomes of Three Fungicides of Natural Origin (<i>Equisetum arvense</i>, <i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i>, Thymol) on Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>)
The improper use of synthetic fungicides has raised public concerns related to environmental pollution and animal health. Over the years, plant-derived antifungals have been investigated as safer alternatives, although little scientific evidence of its neurodevelopmental effects exist. The main obje...
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| Materyal Türü: | Makale |
| Dil: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Seri Bilgileri: | Toxics |
| Konular: | |
| Online Erişim: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/1/8 |
| _version_ | 1827602614323249152 |
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| author | Raquel Vieira Carlos Venâncio Luís Félix |
| author_facet | Raquel Vieira Carlos Venâncio Luís Félix |
| author_sort | Raquel Vieira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The improper use of synthetic fungicides has raised public concerns related to environmental pollution and animal health. Over the years, plant-derived antifungals have been investigated as safer alternatives, although little scientific evidence of its neurodevelopmental effects exist. The main objective of this study was to explore the effects of three alternative natural extracts (<i>Equisetum arvense</i>, <i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i>, Thymol) with antifungal properties during the early development of zebrafish by evaluating different teratogenic, oxidative stress and behavioural outcomes. Following the determination of the 96 h-LC<sub>50</sub>, exposure to sublethal concentrations showed the safety profile of both <i>E. arvense</i> and <i>M. tenuiflora</i>. However, following 96-h exposure to Thymol, increased lethality, pericardial oedema, yolk and eye deformations, and decreased body length were observed. The reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) ratio was increased, and the glutathione-s-transferase activity in the group exposed to the highest Thymol concentration. Overall, these results support a more reducing environment associated with possible effects at the cellular proliferation level. In addition, the disruption of behavioural states (fear- and anxiety-like disorders) were noted, pointing to alterations in the c-Jun N-terminal kinase developmental signalling pathway, although further studies are required to explore this rationale. Notwithstanding, the results provide direct evidence of the teratogenic effects of Thymol, which might have consequences for non-target species. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:22:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3763070a941b4cd1b15720641987e019 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:22:57Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-3763070a941b4cd1b15720641987e0192023-12-03T12:39:14ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042021-01-0191810.3390/toxics9010008Teratogenic, Oxidative Stress and Behavioural Outcomes of Three Fungicides of Natural Origin (<i>Equisetum arvense</i>, <i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i>, Thymol) on Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>)Raquel Vieira0Carlos Venâncio1Luís Félix2Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, PortugalCentre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, PortugalCentre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, PortugalThe improper use of synthetic fungicides has raised public concerns related to environmental pollution and animal health. Over the years, plant-derived antifungals have been investigated as safer alternatives, although little scientific evidence of its neurodevelopmental effects exist. The main objective of this study was to explore the effects of three alternative natural extracts (<i>Equisetum arvense</i>, <i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i>, Thymol) with antifungal properties during the early development of zebrafish by evaluating different teratogenic, oxidative stress and behavioural outcomes. Following the determination of the 96 h-LC<sub>50</sub>, exposure to sublethal concentrations showed the safety profile of both <i>E. arvense</i> and <i>M. tenuiflora</i>. However, following 96-h exposure to Thymol, increased lethality, pericardial oedema, yolk and eye deformations, and decreased body length were observed. The reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) ratio was increased, and the glutathione-s-transferase activity in the group exposed to the highest Thymol concentration. Overall, these results support a more reducing environment associated with possible effects at the cellular proliferation level. In addition, the disruption of behavioural states (fear- and anxiety-like disorders) were noted, pointing to alterations in the c-Jun N-terminal kinase developmental signalling pathway, although further studies are required to explore this rationale. Notwithstanding, the results provide direct evidence of the teratogenic effects of Thymol, which might have consequences for non-target species.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/1/8natural productsfungicidesearly developmentteratogenicityzebrafishbehaviour |
| spellingShingle | Raquel Vieira Carlos Venâncio Luís Félix Teratogenic, Oxidative Stress and Behavioural Outcomes of Three Fungicides of Natural Origin (<i>Equisetum arvense</i>, <i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i>, Thymol) on Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Toxics natural products fungicides early development teratogenicity zebrafish behaviour |
| title | Teratogenic, Oxidative Stress and Behavioural Outcomes of Three Fungicides of Natural Origin (<i>Equisetum arvense</i>, <i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i>, Thymol) on Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) |
| title_full | Teratogenic, Oxidative Stress and Behavioural Outcomes of Three Fungicides of Natural Origin (<i>Equisetum arvense</i>, <i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i>, Thymol) on Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Teratogenic, Oxidative Stress and Behavioural Outcomes of Three Fungicides of Natural Origin (<i>Equisetum arvense</i>, <i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i>, Thymol) on Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Teratogenic, Oxidative Stress and Behavioural Outcomes of Three Fungicides of Natural Origin (<i>Equisetum arvense</i>, <i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i>, Thymol) on Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) |
| title_short | Teratogenic, Oxidative Stress and Behavioural Outcomes of Three Fungicides of Natural Origin (<i>Equisetum arvense</i>, <i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i>, Thymol) on Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) |
| title_sort | teratogenic oxidative stress and behavioural outcomes of three fungicides of natural origin i equisetum arvense i i mimosa tenuiflora i thymol on zebrafish i danio rerio i |
| topic | natural products fungicides early development teratogenicity zebrafish behaviour |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/1/8 |
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