| Summary: | Abstract Modeling energy storage units realistically is challenging as their decision-making is not governed by a marginal cost pricing strategy but relies on expected electricity prices. Existing electricity market models often use centralized rule-based bidding or global optimization approaches, which may not accurately capture the competitive behavior of market participants. To address this issue, we present a novel method using multi-agent deep reinforcement learning to model individual strategies in electricity market models. We demonstrate the practical applicability of our approach using a detailed model of the German wholesale electricity market with a complete fleet of pumped hydro energy storage units represented as learning agents. We compare the results to widely used modeling approaches and demonstrate that the proposed method performs well and can accurately represent the competitive behavior of market participants. To understand the benefits of using reinforcement learning, we analyze overall profits, aggregated dispatch, and individual behavior of energy storage units. The proposed method can improve the accuracy and realism of electricity market modeling and help policymakers make informed decisions for future market designs and policies.
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