Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil along the Shuimo River by the Grey Relational Method and Factor Analysis
Soil samples were collected from the upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the Shuimo River in three layers of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm, and each group of sample points was located 5 m, 1 km and 2 km away from the river bank, respectively. The analysis was carried out. Based on the investigati...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Metals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/5/878 |
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| author | Yidan Zhang Yonglan Wang Honggang Zang Junqin Yao Huiying Ma |
| author_facet | Yidan Zhang Yonglan Wang Honggang Zang Junqin Yao Huiying Ma |
| author_sort | Yidan Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil samples were collected from the upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the Shuimo River in three layers of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm, and each group of sample points was located 5 m, 1 km and 2 km away from the river bank, respectively. The analysis was carried out. Based on the investigation and research, six indicators, including As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr, were designated as evaluation factors in combination with the results of the sample collection with low or no detectable values of Cd and Hg. The mean values of the samples measured in the upper, middle and downstream layers were taken, and the degree and source of pollution were evaluated and jointly analyzed using the gray correlation analysis and factor analysis methods. By using the gray correlation analysis, it was found that the evaluation results of the upstream and middle reaches of the soil along the Shuimo River were both level 3, with slight pollution, and the evaluation results of the downstream areas were level 2, with good soil quality. There are two main sources of pollution obtained through the factor analysis; source 1 is mainly heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb and Ni, while source 2 is mainly heavy metals such as As, Pb and Ni. The amount of pollution sources is inferred from the heavy metal types of each source and the soil environment along the Shuimo River as industrial and human sources of pollution. From the analysis results, the combination of the gray correlation analysis model and factor analysis model is convenient and fast and can accurately quantify the source contribution of various pollution sources. Not only can it reflect the actual situation more objectively and realistically in the evaluation of soil heavy metal pollution and pollution sources, but also the calculation is simple and easily applied with low data requirements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:30:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-37809d5e9a0b44d585f12393234a3d04 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4701 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:30:10Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metals |
| spelling | doaj.art-37809d5e9a0b44d585f12393234a3d042023-11-18T02:27:08ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012023-05-0113587810.3390/met13050878Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil along the Shuimo River by the Grey Relational Method and Factor AnalysisYidan Zhang0Yonglan Wang1Honggang Zang2Junqin Yao3Huiying Ma4College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, ChinaCollege of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, ChinaCollege of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, ChinaCollege of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, ChinaCollege of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, ChinaSoil samples were collected from the upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the Shuimo River in three layers of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm, and each group of sample points was located 5 m, 1 km and 2 km away from the river bank, respectively. The analysis was carried out. Based on the investigation and research, six indicators, including As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr, were designated as evaluation factors in combination with the results of the sample collection with low or no detectable values of Cd and Hg. The mean values of the samples measured in the upper, middle and downstream layers were taken, and the degree and source of pollution were evaluated and jointly analyzed using the gray correlation analysis and factor analysis methods. By using the gray correlation analysis, it was found that the evaluation results of the upstream and middle reaches of the soil along the Shuimo River were both level 3, with slight pollution, and the evaluation results of the downstream areas were level 2, with good soil quality. There are two main sources of pollution obtained through the factor analysis; source 1 is mainly heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb and Ni, while source 2 is mainly heavy metals such as As, Pb and Ni. The amount of pollution sources is inferred from the heavy metal types of each source and the soil environment along the Shuimo River as industrial and human sources of pollution. From the analysis results, the combination of the gray correlation analysis model and factor analysis model is convenient and fast and can accurately quantify the source contribution of various pollution sources. Not only can it reflect the actual situation more objectively and realistically in the evaluation of soil heavy metal pollution and pollution sources, but also the calculation is simple and easily applied with low data requirements.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/5/878soil along the riversoil heavy metalsanalysis of factorsgrey correlation analysis |
| spellingShingle | Yidan Zhang Yonglan Wang Honggang Zang Junqin Yao Huiying Ma Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil along the Shuimo River by the Grey Relational Method and Factor Analysis Metals soil along the river soil heavy metals analysis of factors grey correlation analysis |
| title | Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil along the Shuimo River by the Grey Relational Method and Factor Analysis |
| title_full | Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil along the Shuimo River by the Grey Relational Method and Factor Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil along the Shuimo River by the Grey Relational Method and Factor Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil along the Shuimo River by the Grey Relational Method and Factor Analysis |
| title_short | Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil along the Shuimo River by the Grey Relational Method and Factor Analysis |
| title_sort | analysis of heavy metal pollution in soil along the shuimo river by the grey relational method and factor analysis |
| topic | soil along the river soil heavy metals analysis of factors grey correlation analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/5/878 |
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