Determination of Multimycotoxin in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Open-Air Markets
In this study, a total of 140 cereal-based foods sold in temporary open-air markets were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, G<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>2</sub>, ochratoxin (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-07-01
|
| Series: | Foods |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/14/2744 |
| _version_ | 1797589292976963584 |
|---|---|
| author | Funda Yilmaz Eker Karlo Muratoglu Muhsin Ozturk Bayram Cetin Serkan Kemal Buyukunal |
| author_facet | Funda Yilmaz Eker Karlo Muratoglu Muhsin Ozturk Bayram Cetin Serkan Kemal Buyukunal |
| author_sort | Funda Yilmaz Eker |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, a total of 140 cereal-based foods sold in temporary open-air markets were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, G<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>2</sub>, ochratoxin (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B<sub>1</sub>, fumonisin B<sub>2</sub>, citrinin (CIT), HT-2, and T-2 toxins. Breakfast cereals (n:27), cornmeal (n:41), extruded maize (n:32), and oatmeal (n:40) purchased from these alternative shopping areas created to meet the food needs of low-income people in the suburbs formed the sample set of the study. These foods, which are sold in areas that are out of legal control and greatly affected by external environmental conditions, are more open to health risks. Mycotoxins, chemicals of a biological origin, are some of the most important of these risks. In terms of public health, it is important to investigate the presence of mycotoxins in foods, which can cause acute and chronic diseases such as immunosuppression, genotoxic, estrogenic, teratogenic effect, cancer, and liver and kidney dysfunctions. Grain-based foods are often contaminated with a large number of mycotoxins, but legal regulations have not been prepared that consider the health risks associated with the co-existence of mycotoxins. Many of the studies have focused on the presence of a single mycotoxin and the risks it poses. As a result, aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> levels in 28.57% of the samples and total aflatoxin (B<sub>1</sub> + B<sub>2</sub> + G<sub>1</sub> + G<sub>2</sub>) levels in 26.43% of the samples were determined to exceed the limits defined in the “Turkish Food Codex Contaminants Regulation”. Citrinin could not be detected in any of the samples. The rate of mycotoxin occurrences above the limit of detection (LOD) in grain-based food samples ranged from 22.86% to 99.29%. Total aflatoxin (TAF) + Total Fumonisin (FUM) were found in 83.57% of the samples; TAF + FUM + OTA in 82.14%; TAF + FUM + OTA + T-2 in 44.29%; TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + HT-2, TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + T-2, and TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + ZEN in 22.86% of the samples. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:04:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-37816927cba3438ab3f6592dd6bef308 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:04:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-37816927cba3438ab3f6592dd6bef3082023-11-18T19:20:47ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-07-011214274410.3390/foods12142744Determination of Multimycotoxin in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Open-Air MarketsFunda Yilmaz Eker0Karlo Muratoglu1Muhsin Ozturk2Bayram Cetin3Serkan Kemal Buyukunal4Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, İstanbul 34320, TürkiyeDepartment of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, İstanbul 34320, TürkiyeDepartment of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, School of Applied Sciences, İstanbul Esenyurt University, Esenyurt, İstanbul 34510, TürkiyeDepartment of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli 39000, TürkiyeDepartment of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, İstanbul 34320, TürkiyeIn this study, a total of 140 cereal-based foods sold in temporary open-air markets were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, G<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>2</sub>, ochratoxin (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B<sub>1</sub>, fumonisin B<sub>2</sub>, citrinin (CIT), HT-2, and T-2 toxins. Breakfast cereals (n:27), cornmeal (n:41), extruded maize (n:32), and oatmeal (n:40) purchased from these alternative shopping areas created to meet the food needs of low-income people in the suburbs formed the sample set of the study. These foods, which are sold in areas that are out of legal control and greatly affected by external environmental conditions, are more open to health risks. Mycotoxins, chemicals of a biological origin, are some of the most important of these risks. In terms of public health, it is important to investigate the presence of mycotoxins in foods, which can cause acute and chronic diseases such as immunosuppression, genotoxic, estrogenic, teratogenic effect, cancer, and liver and kidney dysfunctions. Grain-based foods are often contaminated with a large number of mycotoxins, but legal regulations have not been prepared that consider the health risks associated with the co-existence of mycotoxins. Many of the studies have focused on the presence of a single mycotoxin and the risks it poses. As a result, aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> levels in 28.57% of the samples and total aflatoxin (B<sub>1</sub> + B<sub>2</sub> + G<sub>1</sub> + G<sub>2</sub>) levels in 26.43% of the samples were determined to exceed the limits defined in the “Turkish Food Codex Contaminants Regulation”. Citrinin could not be detected in any of the samples. The rate of mycotoxin occurrences above the limit of detection (LOD) in grain-based food samples ranged from 22.86% to 99.29%. Total aflatoxin (TAF) + Total Fumonisin (FUM) were found in 83.57% of the samples; TAF + FUM + OTA in 82.14%; TAF + FUM + OTA + T-2 in 44.29%; TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + HT-2, TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + T-2, and TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + ZEN in 22.86% of the samples.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/14/2744grainmycotoxinaflatoxinfumonisinLC/MS-MSco-occurrence |
| spellingShingle | Funda Yilmaz Eker Karlo Muratoglu Muhsin Ozturk Bayram Cetin Serkan Kemal Buyukunal Determination of Multimycotoxin in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Open-Air Markets Foods grain mycotoxin aflatoxin fumonisin LC/MS-MS co-occurrence |
| title | Determination of Multimycotoxin in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Open-Air Markets |
| title_full | Determination of Multimycotoxin in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Open-Air Markets |
| title_fullStr | Determination of Multimycotoxin in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Open-Air Markets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of Multimycotoxin in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Open-Air Markets |
| title_short | Determination of Multimycotoxin in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Open-Air Markets |
| title_sort | determination of multimycotoxin in cereal based products sold in open air markets |
| topic | grain mycotoxin aflatoxin fumonisin LC/MS-MS co-occurrence |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/14/2744 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fundayilmazeker determinationofmultimycotoxinincerealbasedproductssoldinopenairmarkets AT karlomuratoglu determinationofmultimycotoxinincerealbasedproductssoldinopenairmarkets AT muhsinozturk determinationofmultimycotoxinincerealbasedproductssoldinopenairmarkets AT bayramcetin determinationofmultimycotoxinincerealbasedproductssoldinopenairmarkets AT serkankemalbuyukunal determinationofmultimycotoxinincerealbasedproductssoldinopenairmarkets |