| Summary: | Modulator of apoptosis protein1 (<i>MOAP1</i>), also known as <i>MAP1</i> and <i>PNMA4</i>, belongs to the PNMA gene family consisting of at least 15 genes located on different chromosomes. <i>MOAP1</i> interacts with the BAX protein, one of the most important apoptosis regulators. Due to its critical role in a few of disease-associated pathways, <i>MOAP1</i> is associated with many diseases such as cancers and neurological diseases. In this study, we introduced <i>MOAP1</i> and its biological functions and reviewed the associations between <i>MOAP1</i> and a few diseases including cancers, neurological diseases, and other diseases such as inflammation and heart diseases. We also explained possible biological mechanisms underlying the associations between <i>MOAP1</i> and these diseases, and discussed a few future directions regarding <i>MOAP1</i>, especially its potential roles in neurodegenerative disorders. In summary, <i>MOAP1</i> plays a critical role in the development and progression of cancers and neurological diseases by regulating a few genes related to cellular apoptosis such as <i>BAX</i> and <i>RASSF1A</i> and interacting with disease-associated miRNAs, including miR-25 and miR1228.
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