Pigment Produced by Glycine-Stimulated <i>Macrophomina Phaseolina</i> Is a (−)-Botryodiplodin Reaction Product and the Basis for an In-Culture Assay for (−)-Botryodiplodin Production
An isolate of <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i> from muskmelons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>)<i> </i>was reported by Dunlap and Bruton to produce red pigment(s) in melons and in culture in the presence of added glycine, alanine, leucine, or asparagine in the medium, but not...
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/3/280 |
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| author | Sahib Alam Hamed K. Abbas Michael Sulyok Vivek H. Khambhati Wahab O. Okunowo Wayne Thomas Shier |
| author_facet | Sahib Alam Hamed K. Abbas Michael Sulyok Vivek H. Khambhati Wahab O. Okunowo Wayne Thomas Shier |
| author_sort | Sahib Alam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | An isolate of <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i> from muskmelons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>)<i> </i>was reported by Dunlap and Bruton to produce red pigment(s) in melons and in culture in the presence of added glycine, alanine, leucine, or asparagine in the medium, but not with some other amino acids and nitrogen-containing compounds. We explored the generality and mechanism of this pigment production response using pathogenic <i>M. phaseolina</i> isolates from soybean plants expressing symptoms of charcoal rot disease. A survey of 42 <i>M. phaseolina</i> isolates growing on Czapek-Dox agar medium supplemented with glycine confirmed pigment production by 71% of isolates at the optimal glycine concentration (10 g/L). Studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that some pathogenic isolates of <i>M. phaseolina</i> produce the mycotoxin (−)-botryodiplodin, which has been reported to react with amino acids, proteins, and other amines to produce red pigments. Time course studies showed a significant positive correlation between pigment and (−)-botryodiplodin production by selected <i>M. phaseolina</i> isolates with maximum production at seven to eight days. Pigments produced in agar culture medium supplemented with glycine, beta-alanine, or other amines exhibited similar UV-vis adsorption spectra as did pigments produced by (±)-botryodiplodin reacting in the same agar medium. In a separate study of 39 <i>M. phaseolina</i> isolates, red pigment production (OD<sub>520</sub>) on 10 g/L glycine-supplemented Czapek-Dox agar medium correlated significantly with (−)-botryodiplodin production (LC/MS analysis of culture filtrates) in parallel cultures on un-supplemented medium. These results support pigment production on glycine-supplemented agar medium as a simple and inexpensive in-culture method for detecting (−)-botryodiplodin production by <i>M. phaseolina</i> isolates. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-37b2284a8cf144058f31558ed13473d22023-11-30T21:51:51ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-02-0111328010.3390/pathogens11030280Pigment Produced by Glycine-Stimulated <i>Macrophomina Phaseolina</i> Is a (−)-Botryodiplodin Reaction Product and the Basis for an In-Culture Assay for (−)-Botryodiplodin ProductionSahib Alam0Hamed K. Abbas1Michael Sulyok2Vivek H. Khambhati3Wahab O. Okunowo4Wayne Thomas Shier5Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USABiological Control of Pests Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776, USADepartment of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, AustriaBiological Control of Pests Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776, USADepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USADepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAAn isolate of <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i> from muskmelons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>)<i> </i>was reported by Dunlap and Bruton to produce red pigment(s) in melons and in culture in the presence of added glycine, alanine, leucine, or asparagine in the medium, but not with some other amino acids and nitrogen-containing compounds. We explored the generality and mechanism of this pigment production response using pathogenic <i>M. phaseolina</i> isolates from soybean plants expressing symptoms of charcoal rot disease. A survey of 42 <i>M. phaseolina</i> isolates growing on Czapek-Dox agar medium supplemented with glycine confirmed pigment production by 71% of isolates at the optimal glycine concentration (10 g/L). Studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that some pathogenic isolates of <i>M. phaseolina</i> produce the mycotoxin (−)-botryodiplodin, which has been reported to react with amino acids, proteins, and other amines to produce red pigments. Time course studies showed a significant positive correlation between pigment and (−)-botryodiplodin production by selected <i>M. phaseolina</i> isolates with maximum production at seven to eight days. Pigments produced in agar culture medium supplemented with glycine, beta-alanine, or other amines exhibited similar UV-vis adsorption spectra as did pigments produced by (±)-botryodiplodin reacting in the same agar medium. In a separate study of 39 <i>M. phaseolina</i> isolates, red pigment production (OD<sub>520</sub>) on 10 g/L glycine-supplemented Czapek-Dox agar medium correlated significantly with (−)-botryodiplodin production (LC/MS analysis of culture filtrates) in parallel cultures on un-supplemented medium. These results support pigment production on glycine-supplemented agar medium as a simple and inexpensive in-culture method for detecting (−)-botryodiplodin production by <i>M. phaseolina</i> isolates.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/3/280<i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i>pigments(−)-Botryodiplodincharcoal rot diseasein-culture bioassayamino acid |
| spellingShingle | Sahib Alam Hamed K. Abbas Michael Sulyok Vivek H. Khambhati Wahab O. Okunowo Wayne Thomas Shier Pigment Produced by Glycine-Stimulated <i>Macrophomina Phaseolina</i> Is a (−)-Botryodiplodin Reaction Product and the Basis for an In-Culture Assay for (−)-Botryodiplodin Production Pathogens <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i> pigments (−)-Botryodiplodin charcoal rot disease in-culture bioassay amino acid |
| title | Pigment Produced by Glycine-Stimulated <i>Macrophomina Phaseolina</i> Is a (−)-Botryodiplodin Reaction Product and the Basis for an In-Culture Assay for (−)-Botryodiplodin Production |
| title_full | Pigment Produced by Glycine-Stimulated <i>Macrophomina Phaseolina</i> Is a (−)-Botryodiplodin Reaction Product and the Basis for an In-Culture Assay for (−)-Botryodiplodin Production |
| title_fullStr | Pigment Produced by Glycine-Stimulated <i>Macrophomina Phaseolina</i> Is a (−)-Botryodiplodin Reaction Product and the Basis for an In-Culture Assay for (−)-Botryodiplodin Production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pigment Produced by Glycine-Stimulated <i>Macrophomina Phaseolina</i> Is a (−)-Botryodiplodin Reaction Product and the Basis for an In-Culture Assay for (−)-Botryodiplodin Production |
| title_short | Pigment Produced by Glycine-Stimulated <i>Macrophomina Phaseolina</i> Is a (−)-Botryodiplodin Reaction Product and the Basis for an In-Culture Assay for (−)-Botryodiplodin Production |
| title_sort | pigment produced by glycine stimulated i macrophomina phaseolina i is a botryodiplodin reaction product and the basis for an in culture assay for botryodiplodin production |
| topic | <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i> pigments (−)-Botryodiplodin charcoal rot disease in-culture bioassay amino acid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/3/280 |
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