Nonlinear Optical Limiting and Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Doped Cadmium Sodium Lithium Borate Glasses
Strong nonlinear absorption (NLA), reduced optical limiting (OL) thresholds, and high radiation shielding parameters are required for the effective use of glasses in the laser radiation and nuclear radiation protecting materials. In view of this, the efficacy of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>...
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| author | Aljawhara H. Almuqrin Jagannath Gangareddy Mahesh M. Hivrekar A. G. Pramod M. I. Sayyed K. Keshavamurthy Naseem Fatima K. M. Jadhav |
| author_facet | Aljawhara H. Almuqrin Jagannath Gangareddy Mahesh M. Hivrekar A. G. Pramod M. I. Sayyed K. Keshavamurthy Naseem Fatima K. M. Jadhav |
| author_sort | Aljawhara H. Almuqrin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Strong nonlinear absorption (NLA), reduced optical limiting (OL) thresholds, and high radiation shielding parameters are required for the effective use of glasses in the laser radiation and nuclear radiation protecting materials. In view of this, the efficacy of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the nonlinear optical (NLO) and OL properties were ascertained (at 532 nm) along with radiation shielding characteristics. The open and closed aperture Z-scan profiles revealed the presence of positive NLA and nonlinear refraction (NLR) phenomena respectively. OL measurements showed the existence of limiting behavior in the studied glasses. The NLA and NLR coefficients were improved while the OL thresholds were decreased as the doping of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> elevated to a higher doping level. These improvements in NLA, NLR coefficients and OL efficiencies were attributed to the non-bridging oxygens and high polarizable Sm<sup>3+</sup> ions. The NLA and OL results clearly suggest the high (5 mol %) Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> doped glass (Sm5CNLB) glass is beneficial to protect the delicate devices and human eye by suppressing the high energy laser light. The theoretical linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) values of the presented Sm<i>x</i>CNLB glasses were obtained with the help of Phy-X software between 0.284 and 1.333 MeV. At 0.284 MeV, the maximum values occur and take values between 0.302 (for Sm0CNLB) and 0.409 cm<sup>−1</sup> (for Sm5CNLB). We found that the LAC for the presented Sm<i>x</i>CNLB glasses is a function of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content, where the LAC tends to increase, corresponding to the high probabilities of interaction, as the content of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> changes from 0 to 5 mol %. The effective atomic number (Z<sub>eff</sub>) for the presented Sm<i>x</i>CNLB glasses was examined between 0.284 and 1.333 MeV. As the amount of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is added, the Z<sub>eff</sub> increases, and this was observed at any energy. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-37fc4bcc4dc7485987caa75fa70a56c12023-11-30T21:22:54ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-03-01156233010.3390/ma15062330Nonlinear Optical Limiting and Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Doped Cadmium Sodium Lithium Borate GlassesAljawhara H. Almuqrin0Jagannath Gangareddy1Mahesh M. Hivrekar2A. G. Pramod3M. I. Sayyed4K. Keshavamurthy5Naseem Fatima6K. M. Jadhav7Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Physics, The National College, Jayanagar, Bengaluru 560070, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, IndiaDepartment of Physics, Bangalore University, Bengaluru 560056, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman P.O. Box 33, JordanDepartment of Physics, Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560074, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Physics, Government College, Kalaburagi, Gulbarga 585105, Karnataka, IndiaDepartment of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, IndiaStrong nonlinear absorption (NLA), reduced optical limiting (OL) thresholds, and high radiation shielding parameters are required for the effective use of glasses in the laser radiation and nuclear radiation protecting materials. In view of this, the efficacy of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the nonlinear optical (NLO) and OL properties were ascertained (at 532 nm) along with radiation shielding characteristics. The open and closed aperture Z-scan profiles revealed the presence of positive NLA and nonlinear refraction (NLR) phenomena respectively. OL measurements showed the existence of limiting behavior in the studied glasses. The NLA and NLR coefficients were improved while the OL thresholds were decreased as the doping of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> elevated to a higher doping level. These improvements in NLA, NLR coefficients and OL efficiencies were attributed to the non-bridging oxygens and high polarizable Sm<sup>3+</sup> ions. The NLA and OL results clearly suggest the high (5 mol %) Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> doped glass (Sm5CNLB) glass is beneficial to protect the delicate devices and human eye by suppressing the high energy laser light. The theoretical linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) values of the presented Sm<i>x</i>CNLB glasses were obtained with the help of Phy-X software between 0.284 and 1.333 MeV. At 0.284 MeV, the maximum values occur and take values between 0.302 (for Sm0CNLB) and 0.409 cm<sup>−1</sup> (for Sm5CNLB). We found that the LAC for the presented Sm<i>x</i>CNLB glasses is a function of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content, where the LAC tends to increase, corresponding to the high probabilities of interaction, as the content of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> changes from 0 to 5 mol %. The effective atomic number (Z<sub>eff</sub>) for the presented Sm<i>x</i>CNLB glasses was examined between 0.284 and 1.333 MeV. As the amount of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is added, the Z<sub>eff</sub> increases, and this was observed at any energy.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/6/2330nanosecond laser pulsesoptical limitingnonlinear opticalZ-scanradiation shielding glassesSm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> |
| spellingShingle | Aljawhara H. Almuqrin Jagannath Gangareddy Mahesh M. Hivrekar A. G. Pramod M. I. Sayyed K. Keshavamurthy Naseem Fatima K. M. Jadhav Nonlinear Optical Limiting and Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Doped Cadmium Sodium Lithium Borate Glasses Materials nanosecond laser pulses optical limiting nonlinear optical Z-scan radiation shielding glasses Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> |
| title | Nonlinear Optical Limiting and Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Doped Cadmium Sodium Lithium Borate Glasses |
| title_full | Nonlinear Optical Limiting and Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Doped Cadmium Sodium Lithium Borate Glasses |
| title_fullStr | Nonlinear Optical Limiting and Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Doped Cadmium Sodium Lithium Borate Glasses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nonlinear Optical Limiting and Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Doped Cadmium Sodium Lithium Borate Glasses |
| title_short | Nonlinear Optical Limiting and Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Doped Cadmium Sodium Lithium Borate Glasses |
| title_sort | nonlinear optical limiting and radiation shielding characteristics of sm sub 2 sub o sub 3 sub doped cadmium sodium lithium borate glasses |
| topic | nanosecond laser pulses optical limiting nonlinear optical Z-scan radiation shielding glasses Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/6/2330 |
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