Thermal Characterizations of Waste Cardboard Kraft Fibres in the Context of Their Use as a Partial Cement Substitute within Concrete Composites
The building and construction industry consumes a significant amount of virgin resources and minimizing the demand with alternative waste materials can provide a contemporary solution. In this study, thermal components of kraft fibres (KFs) derived from waste cardboard are investigated. The mechanic...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-12-01
|
| Series: | Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/24/8964 |
| _version_ | 1797456510751604736 |
|---|---|
| author | Robert Haigh Paul Joseph Malindu Sandanayake Yanni Bouras Zora Vrcelj |
| author_facet | Robert Haigh Paul Joseph Malindu Sandanayake Yanni Bouras Zora Vrcelj |
| author_sort | Robert Haigh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The building and construction industry consumes a significant amount of virgin resources and minimizing the demand with alternative waste materials can provide a contemporary solution. In this study, thermal components of kraft fibres (KFs) derived from waste cardboard are investigated. The mechanical properties containing KFs within concrete composites are evaluated. Metakaolin (MK) and KFs were integrated into concrete samples as a partial substitute for cement. Silica Fume (SF) was applied to the KF (SFKFs) with a view to enhancing the fibre durability. The results indicated that there was a reduction in compressive strength of 44 and 56% when 10% raw and modified KFs were integrated, respectively. Raw, fibre and matrix-modified samples demonstrated a 35, 4 and 24% flexural strength reduction, respectively; however, the tensile strength improved by 8% when the matrix was modified using MK and SFKF. The morphology of the fibres was illustrated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), with an energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) provision and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) employed to gain insights into their chemical nature. The thermal, calorimetric and combustion attributes of the fibres were measured using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC). SFKFs showed a lower heat release capacity (HRC), demonstrating a lower combustion propensity compared to raw KFs. Furthermore, the 45% decreased peak heat release rate (pHRR) of SFKFs highlighted the overall reduction in the fire hazards associated with these materials. TGA results also confirmed a lower mass weight loss of SFKFs at elevated temperatures, thus corroborating the results from the PCFC runs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:08:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3830ada65ca341a69917d35cd760091d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:08:51Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-3830ada65ca341a69917d35cd760091d2023-11-24T16:24:42ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-12-011524896410.3390/ma15248964Thermal Characterizations of Waste Cardboard Kraft Fibres in the Context of Their Use as a Partial Cement Substitute within Concrete CompositesRobert Haigh0Paul Joseph1Malindu Sandanayake2Yanni Bouras3Zora Vrcelj4Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, AustraliaInstitute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, AustraliaInstitute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, AustraliaInstitute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, AustraliaInstitute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, AustraliaThe building and construction industry consumes a significant amount of virgin resources and minimizing the demand with alternative waste materials can provide a contemporary solution. In this study, thermal components of kraft fibres (KFs) derived from waste cardboard are investigated. The mechanical properties containing KFs within concrete composites are evaluated. Metakaolin (MK) and KFs were integrated into concrete samples as a partial substitute for cement. Silica Fume (SF) was applied to the KF (SFKFs) with a view to enhancing the fibre durability. The results indicated that there was a reduction in compressive strength of 44 and 56% when 10% raw and modified KFs were integrated, respectively. Raw, fibre and matrix-modified samples demonstrated a 35, 4 and 24% flexural strength reduction, respectively; however, the tensile strength improved by 8% when the matrix was modified using MK and SFKF. The morphology of the fibres was illustrated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), with an energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) provision and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) employed to gain insights into their chemical nature. The thermal, calorimetric and combustion attributes of the fibres were measured using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC). SFKFs showed a lower heat release capacity (HRC), demonstrating a lower combustion propensity compared to raw KFs. Furthermore, the 45% decreased peak heat release rate (pHRR) of SFKFs highlighted the overall reduction in the fire hazards associated with these materials. TGA results also confirmed a lower mass weight loss of SFKFs at elevated temperatures, thus corroborating the results from the PCFC runs.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/24/8964kraft fibrescement compositeswaste cardboardsilica fumemetakaolinthermophysical properties |
| spellingShingle | Robert Haigh Paul Joseph Malindu Sandanayake Yanni Bouras Zora Vrcelj Thermal Characterizations of Waste Cardboard Kraft Fibres in the Context of Their Use as a Partial Cement Substitute within Concrete Composites Materials kraft fibres cement composites waste cardboard silica fume metakaolin thermophysical properties |
| title | Thermal Characterizations of Waste Cardboard Kraft Fibres in the Context of Their Use as a Partial Cement Substitute within Concrete Composites |
| title_full | Thermal Characterizations of Waste Cardboard Kraft Fibres in the Context of Their Use as a Partial Cement Substitute within Concrete Composites |
| title_fullStr | Thermal Characterizations of Waste Cardboard Kraft Fibres in the Context of Their Use as a Partial Cement Substitute within Concrete Composites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermal Characterizations of Waste Cardboard Kraft Fibres in the Context of Their Use as a Partial Cement Substitute within Concrete Composites |
| title_short | Thermal Characterizations of Waste Cardboard Kraft Fibres in the Context of Their Use as a Partial Cement Substitute within Concrete Composites |
| title_sort | thermal characterizations of waste cardboard kraft fibres in the context of their use as a partial cement substitute within concrete composites |
| topic | kraft fibres cement composites waste cardboard silica fume metakaolin thermophysical properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/24/8964 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT roberthaigh thermalcharacterizationsofwastecardboardkraftfibresinthecontextoftheiruseasapartialcementsubstitutewithinconcretecomposites AT pauljoseph thermalcharacterizationsofwastecardboardkraftfibresinthecontextoftheiruseasapartialcementsubstitutewithinconcretecomposites AT malindusandanayake thermalcharacterizationsofwastecardboardkraftfibresinthecontextoftheiruseasapartialcementsubstitutewithinconcretecomposites AT yannibouras thermalcharacterizationsofwastecardboardkraftfibresinthecontextoftheiruseasapartialcementsubstitutewithinconcretecomposites AT zoravrcelj thermalcharacterizationsofwastecardboardkraftfibresinthecontextoftheiruseasapartialcementsubstitutewithinconcretecomposites |