| Summary: | This study presents the PM<sub>10</sub> concentration, respiratory and cardiovascular disease hospital admissions evolution in the Ciuc basin for a period of 9 years (2008–2016), taking into consideration different meteorological conditions: boundary layer, lifting condensation level, temperature-humidity index, and wind chill equivalent chart index. The PM<sub>10</sub> and hospital admissions evolution showed a very fluctuated hourly, weekly, monthly, yearly tendency. The PM<sub>10</sub> concentration in winter (34.72 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) was 82% higher than the multiannual average (19.00 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), and almost three times higher than in summer (11.71 μg/m<sup>3</sup>). During the winter, PM<sub>10</sub> concentration increased by an average of 9.36 μg/m<sup>3</sup> due to the increased household heating. Climatological parameters have a demonstrable effect on the PM<sub>10</sub> concentration variation. Children, the elderly and men are more sensitive to air pollution, the calculated relative risk for men was (<i>RR</i> = 1.45), and for women (<i>RR</i> = 1.37), respectively. A moderate correlation (0.51) was found between PM<sub>10</sub> and pneumonia (P), while a relatively weak correlation (0.39) was demonstrated in the case of PM<sub>10</sub> and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Furthermore, except thermal humidity index (THI), strong negative correlations were observed between the multiannual monthly mean PM<sub>10</sub> and the meteorological data. The PM<sub>10</sub> followed a moderate negative correlation with the boundary layer (−0.61). In the case of URTI and P, the highest number of hospital admissions occurred with a 5 to 7-day lag, while the 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM<sub>10</sub> increase resulted in a 2.04% and 8.28% morbidity increase. For lung cancer (LC) and cardiovascular diseases (AMI, IHD, CCP), a maximum delay of 5–6 months was found. Three-month delay and an average growth of 1.51% was observed in the case of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Overall, these findings revealed that PM<sub>10</sub> was and it is responsible for one-third of the diseases.
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