Pesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring Results
The demand of plant production product use has increased because of the current system of citrus production, which prioritizes high agricultural yields. Therefore, the monitoring of pesticide residues in citrus fruits and other agricultural products and their impacts on human health and food securit...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/14/5611 |
| _version_ | 1797587992774180864 |
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| author | Emrah Gormez Ozgur Golge Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo Bulent Kabak |
| author_facet | Emrah Gormez Ozgur Golge Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo Bulent Kabak |
| author_sort | Emrah Gormez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The demand of plant production product use has increased because of the current system of citrus production, which prioritizes high agricultural yields. Therefore, the monitoring of pesticide residues in citrus fruits and other agricultural products and their impacts on human health and food security are of great concern. This study aims to determine multi-class pesticides including highly polar residues in satsuma mandarins. A total of 226 mandarin samples were collected over three consecutive harvesting years from 2019 to 2021 in the Izmir region of Turkey. Targeted compounds included pesticides and metabolites with European Union (EU) regulatory levels, plus other non-approved residues and highly polar compounds. The residues excluding highly polar substances were analyzed by applying the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination for 434 analytes and gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) determination for 71 analytes. For six highly polar pesticides, sample preparation was based on Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) extraction. The polar residues were determined by LC-MS/MS using internal standards. Forty different residues, including two highly polar substances, were recorded in mandarin samples through three harvesting years. In 8.4% of the samples, no quantifiable residues were detected, whereas 207 samples contained at least one residue. The maximum residue level (MRL) exceedances were recorded for 22.1% of the samples. The two most frequently found pesticides were phosphonic acid and spirotetramat, with an incidence rate of 48.7% and 46.5%, respectively. The concentration of phosphonic acid and spirotetramat in mandarin samples varied from 0.026 to 39.386 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> and from 0.010 to 1.485 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The results will enable researchers and regulatory authorities to assess the extent of pesticide presence, identify potential risks, and take necessary measures to ensure the safety of satsuma mandarins for consumers. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:46:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3837a24ec75e421f99e614b4be5b35e3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:46:44Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-3837a24ec75e421f99e614b4be5b35e32023-11-18T20:44:36ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-07-012814561110.3390/molecules28145611Pesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring ResultsEmrah Gormez0Ozgur Golge1Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo2Bulent Kabak3Pia Frucht Food Control Laboratory, Alaşehir 45600, TurkeyDepartment of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Faculty of Tourism, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya 07425, TurkeyDepartamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 n° 11-45, Bogotá 110221, ColombiaDepartment of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, TurkeyThe demand of plant production product use has increased because of the current system of citrus production, which prioritizes high agricultural yields. Therefore, the monitoring of pesticide residues in citrus fruits and other agricultural products and their impacts on human health and food security are of great concern. This study aims to determine multi-class pesticides including highly polar residues in satsuma mandarins. A total of 226 mandarin samples were collected over three consecutive harvesting years from 2019 to 2021 in the Izmir region of Turkey. Targeted compounds included pesticides and metabolites with European Union (EU) regulatory levels, plus other non-approved residues and highly polar compounds. The residues excluding highly polar substances were analyzed by applying the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination for 434 analytes and gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) determination for 71 analytes. For six highly polar pesticides, sample preparation was based on Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) extraction. The polar residues were determined by LC-MS/MS using internal standards. Forty different residues, including two highly polar substances, were recorded in mandarin samples through three harvesting years. In 8.4% of the samples, no quantifiable residues were detected, whereas 207 samples contained at least one residue. The maximum residue level (MRL) exceedances were recorded for 22.1% of the samples. The two most frequently found pesticides were phosphonic acid and spirotetramat, with an incidence rate of 48.7% and 46.5%, respectively. The concentration of phosphonic acid and spirotetramat in mandarin samples varied from 0.026 to 39.386 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> and from 0.010 to 1.485 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The results will enable researchers and regulatory authorities to assess the extent of pesticide presence, identify potential risks, and take necessary measures to ensure the safety of satsuma mandarins for consumers.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/14/5611chromatographyfood safetymass spectrometrypesticidespolar pesticidesQuEChERS |
| spellingShingle | Emrah Gormez Ozgur Golge Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo Bulent Kabak Pesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring Results Molecules chromatography food safety mass spectrometry pesticides polar pesticides QuEChERS |
| title | Pesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring Results |
| title_full | Pesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring Results |
| title_fullStr | Pesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring Results |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring Results |
| title_short | Pesticide Residues in Mandarins: Three-Year Monitoring Results |
| title_sort | pesticide residues in mandarins three year monitoring results |
| topic | chromatography food safety mass spectrometry pesticides polar pesticides QuEChERS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/14/5611 |
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