Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals
To better understand how the sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) anion may contribute to the adverse effects associated with elevated ionic strength or salinity in freshwaters, we measured the uptake and efflux of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> in four...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1496 |
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| author | Michael B. Griffith James M. Lazorchak Herman Haring |
| author_facet | Michael B. Griffith James M. Lazorchak Herman Haring |
| author_sort | Michael B. Griffith |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To better understand how the sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) anion may contribute to the adverse effects associated with elevated ionic strength or salinity in freshwaters, we measured the uptake and efflux of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> in four freshwater species: the fathead minnow (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>, Teleostei: Cyprinidae), paper pondshell (<i>Utterbackia imbecillis</i>, Bivalvia: Unionidae), red swamp crayfish (<i>Procambarus clarkii</i>, Crustacea: Cambaridae), and two-lined mayfly (<i>Hexagenia bilineata</i>, Insecta: Ephemeridae). Using <i>δ(<sup>34</sup>S/<sup>32</sup>S)</i> stable isotope ratios and the concentrations of S and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, we measured the SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> influx rate (<i>J<sub>in</sub></i>), net flux (<i>J<sub>net</sub></i>), and efflux rate (J<sub>out</sub>) during a 24 h exposure period. For all four species, the means of <i>J<sub>in</sub></i> for SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> were positive, and <i>J<sub>in</sub></i> was significantly greater than 0 at both target SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> concentrations in the fish and mollusk and at the lower SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> concentration in the crayfish. The means of <i>J<sub>out</sub></i> and <i>J<sub>net</sub></i> were much more variable than those for <i>J<sub>in</sub></i>, but several species by target SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> concentration combinations for <i>J<sub>out</sub></i> and <i>J<sub>net</sub></i>, were negative, which suggests the net excretion of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> by the animals. The results of our experiments suggest a greater regulation of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> in freshwater animals than has been previously reported. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:37:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-383844e9d5df47eeabe5631d69911108 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:37:29Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-383844e9d5df47eeabe5631d699111082023-11-20T01:31:18ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-05-01125149610.3390/w12051496Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater AnimalsMichael B. Griffith0James M. Lazorchak1Herman Haring2U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USAU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USAPegasus Technical Services, Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USATo better understand how the sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) anion may contribute to the adverse effects associated with elevated ionic strength or salinity in freshwaters, we measured the uptake and efflux of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> in four freshwater species: the fathead minnow (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>, Teleostei: Cyprinidae), paper pondshell (<i>Utterbackia imbecillis</i>, Bivalvia: Unionidae), red swamp crayfish (<i>Procambarus clarkii</i>, Crustacea: Cambaridae), and two-lined mayfly (<i>Hexagenia bilineata</i>, Insecta: Ephemeridae). Using <i>δ(<sup>34</sup>S/<sup>32</sup>S)</i> stable isotope ratios and the concentrations of S and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, we measured the SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> influx rate (<i>J<sub>in</sub></i>), net flux (<i>J<sub>net</sub></i>), and efflux rate (J<sub>out</sub>) during a 24 h exposure period. For all four species, the means of <i>J<sub>in</sub></i> for SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> were positive, and <i>J<sub>in</sub></i> was significantly greater than 0 at both target SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> concentrations in the fish and mollusk and at the lower SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> concentration in the crayfish. The means of <i>J<sub>out</sub></i> and <i>J<sub>net</sub></i> were much more variable than those for <i>J<sub>in</sub></i>, but several species by target SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> concentration combinations for <i>J<sub>out</sub></i> and <i>J<sub>net</sub></i>, were negative, which suggests the net excretion of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> by the animals. The results of our experiments suggest a greater regulation of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> in freshwater animals than has been previously reported.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1496sulfatefreshwateruptakeeffluxfishinvertebrates |
| spellingShingle | Michael B. Griffith James M. Lazorchak Herman Haring Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals Water sulfate freshwater uptake efflux fish invertebrates |
| title | Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals |
| title_full | Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals |
| title_fullStr | Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals |
| title_short | Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals |
| title_sort | uptake of sulfate from ambient water by freshwater animals |
| topic | sulfate freshwater uptake efflux fish invertebrates |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1496 |
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