Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium
Summary: Background: The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Consortium was established to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We aimed to ana...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-09-01
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| Series: | The Lancet: Digital Health |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589750023001085 |
| _version_ | 1797737908609744896 |
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| author | David Shaw, MBBCh Raquel Abad, PhD Zahin Amin-Chowdhury, MSc Adriana Bautista, MSc Desiree Bennett, PhD Karen Broughton, MSc Bin Cao, ProfMD Carlo Casanova, PhD Eun Hwa Choi, ProfMD Yiu-Wai Chu, PhD Heike Claus, PhD Juliana Coelho, PhD Mary Corcoran, PhD Simon Cottrell, PhD Robert Cunney, MB Lize Cuypers, PhD Tine Dalby, PhD Heather Davies, NZCS Linda de Gouveia, NatDipMedTech Ala-Eddine Deghmane, PhD Walter Demczuk, BSc Stefanie Desmet, PhD Mirian Domenech, PhD Richard Drew, MD Mignon du Plessis, PhD Carolina Duarte, PhD Helga Erlendsdóttir, ProfMSc Norman K Fry, PhD Kurt Fuursted, MD Thomas Hale, ProfPhD Desiree Henares, PhD Birgitta Henriques-Normark, ProfMD Markus Hilty, PhD Steen Hoffmann, MD Hilary Humphreys, ProfMD Margaret Ip, ProfMSc Susanne Jacobsson, PhD Christopher Johnson, PhD Jillian Johnston, MBBS Keith A Jolley, PhD Aníbal Kawabata Jana Kozakova, MD Karl G Kristinsson, ProfMD Pavla Krizova, MD Alicja Kuch, PhD Shamez Ladhani, MD Thiên-Trí Lâm, MD María Eugenia León, MSc Laura Lindholm, MSc David Litt, PhD Martin C J Maiden, ProfPhD Irene Martin, BSc Delphine Martiny, ProfPhD Wesley Mattheus, PhD Noel D McCarthy, ProfDPhil Mary Meehan, PhD Susan Meiring, MBChB Paula Mölling, PhD Eva Morfeldt, PhD Julie Morgan, HND Robert Mulhall, PhD Carmen Muñoz-Almagro, ProfMD David Murdoch, ProfMD Joy Murphy, BA Hons Martin Musilek, PhD Alexandre Mzabi, MD Ludmila Novakova, MSc Shahin Oftadeh, PhD Amaresh Perez-Argüello, MLT Maria Pérez-Vázquez, PhD Monique Perrin, MD Malorie Perry, MSc Benoit Prevost, PhD Maria Roberts, BSc(Hons) Assaf Rokney, PhD Merav Ron, PhD Olga Marina Sanabria, MPH Kevin J Scott, PhD Carmen Sheppard, PhD Lotta Siira, PhD Vitali Sintchenko, ProfPhD Anna Skoczyńska, ProfPhD Monica Sloan Hans-Christian Slotved, DMSc Andrew J Smith, ProfFRCPath Anneke Steens, PhD Muhamed-Kheir Taha, ProfMD Maija Toropainen, PhD Georgina Tzanakaki, ProfPhD Anni Vainio, PhD Mark P G van der Linden, PhD Nina M van Sorge, ProfPhD Emmanuelle Varon, MD Sandra Vohrnova, MD Anne von Gottberg, ProfPhD Jose Yuste, PhD Rosemeire Zanella, PhD Fei Zhou, PhD Angela B Brueggemann, ProfDPhil |
| author_facet | David Shaw, MBBCh Raquel Abad, PhD Zahin Amin-Chowdhury, MSc Adriana Bautista, MSc Desiree Bennett, PhD Karen Broughton, MSc Bin Cao, ProfMD Carlo Casanova, PhD Eun Hwa Choi, ProfMD Yiu-Wai Chu, PhD Heike Claus, PhD Juliana Coelho, PhD Mary Corcoran, PhD Simon Cottrell, PhD Robert Cunney, MB Lize Cuypers, PhD Tine Dalby, PhD Heather Davies, NZCS Linda de Gouveia, NatDipMedTech Ala-Eddine Deghmane, PhD Walter Demczuk, BSc Stefanie Desmet, PhD Mirian Domenech, PhD Richard Drew, MD Mignon du Plessis, PhD Carolina Duarte, PhD Helga Erlendsdóttir, ProfMSc Norman K Fry, PhD Kurt Fuursted, MD Thomas Hale, ProfPhD Desiree Henares, PhD Birgitta Henriques-Normark, ProfMD Markus Hilty, PhD Steen Hoffmann, MD Hilary Humphreys, ProfMD Margaret Ip, ProfMSc Susanne Jacobsson, PhD Christopher Johnson, PhD Jillian Johnston, MBBS Keith A Jolley, PhD Aníbal Kawabata Jana Kozakova, MD Karl G Kristinsson, ProfMD Pavla Krizova, MD Alicja Kuch, PhD Shamez Ladhani, MD Thiên-Trí Lâm, MD María Eugenia León, MSc Laura Lindholm, MSc David Litt, PhD Martin C J Maiden, ProfPhD Irene Martin, BSc Delphine Martiny, ProfPhD Wesley Mattheus, PhD Noel D McCarthy, ProfDPhil Mary Meehan, PhD Susan Meiring, MBChB Paula Mölling, PhD Eva Morfeldt, PhD Julie Morgan, HND Robert Mulhall, PhD Carmen Muñoz-Almagro, ProfMD David Murdoch, ProfMD Joy Murphy, BA Hons Martin Musilek, PhD Alexandre Mzabi, MD Ludmila Novakova, MSc Shahin Oftadeh, PhD Amaresh Perez-Argüello, MLT Maria Pérez-Vázquez, PhD Monique Perrin, MD Malorie Perry, MSc Benoit Prevost, PhD Maria Roberts, BSc(Hons) Assaf Rokney, PhD Merav Ron, PhD Olga Marina Sanabria, MPH Kevin J Scott, PhD Carmen Sheppard, PhD Lotta Siira, PhD Vitali Sintchenko, ProfPhD Anna Skoczyńska, ProfPhD Monica Sloan Hans-Christian Slotved, DMSc Andrew J Smith, ProfFRCPath Anneke Steens, PhD Muhamed-Kheir Taha, ProfMD Maija Toropainen, PhD Georgina Tzanakaki, ProfPhD Anni Vainio, PhD Mark P G van der Linden, PhD Nina M van Sorge, ProfPhD Emmanuelle Varon, MD Sandra Vohrnova, MD Anne von Gottberg, ProfPhD Jose Yuste, PhD Rosemeire Zanella, PhD Fei Zhou, PhD Angela B Brueggemann, ProfDPhil |
| author_sort | David Shaw, MBBCh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Summary: Background: The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Consortium was established to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We aimed to analyse the incidence and distribution of these diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the 2 years preceding the pandemic. Methods: For this prospective analysis, laboratories in 30 countries and territories representing five continents submitted surveillance data from Jan 1, 2018, to Jan 2, 2022, to private projects within databases in PubMLST. The impact of COVID-19 containment measures on the overall number of cases was analysed, and changes in disease distributions by patient age and serotype or group were examined. Interrupted time-series analyses were done to quantify the impact of pandemic response measures and their relaxation on disease rates, and autoregressive integrated moving average models were used to estimate effect sizes and forecast counterfactual trends by hemisphere. Findings: Overall, 116 841 cases were analysed: 76 481 in 2018–19, before the pandemic, and 40 360 in 2020–21, during the pandemic. During the pandemic there was a significant reduction in the risk of disease caused by S pneumoniae (risk ratio 0·47; 95% CI 0·40–0·55), H influenzae (0·51; 0·40–0·66) and N meningitidis (0·26; 0·21–0·31), while no significant changes were observed for S agalactiae (1·02; 0·75–1·40), which is not transmitted via the respiratory route. No major changes in the distribution of cases were observed when stratified by patient age or serotype or group. An estimated 36 289 (95% prediction interval 17 145–55 434) cases of invasive bacterial disease were averted during the first 2 years of the pandemic among IRIS-participating countries and territories. Interpretation: COVID-19 containment measures were associated with a sustained decrease in the incidence of invasive disease caused by S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis during the first 2 years of the pandemic, but cases began to increase in some countries towards the end of 2021 as pandemic restrictions were lifted. These IRIS data provide a better understanding of microbial transmission, will inform vaccine development and implementation, and can contribute to health-care service planning and provision of policies. Funding: Wellcome Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Torsten Söderberg Foundation, Stockholm County Council, Swedish Research Council, German Federal Ministry of Health, Robert Koch Institute, Pfizer, Merck, and the Greek National Public Health Organization. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T13:36:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-384c876404e140c8b5a86eec7ad5243e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2589-7500 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T13:36:10Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Lancet: Digital Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-384c876404e140c8b5a86eec7ad5243e2023-08-24T04:35:27ZengElsevierThe Lancet: Digital Health2589-75002023-09-0159e582e593Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS ConsortiumDavid Shaw, MBBCh0Raquel Abad, PhD1Zahin Amin-Chowdhury, MSc2Adriana Bautista, MSc3Desiree Bennett, PhD4Karen Broughton, MSc5Bin Cao, ProfMD6Carlo Casanova, PhD7Eun Hwa Choi, ProfMD8Yiu-Wai Chu, PhD9Heike Claus, PhD10Juliana Coelho, PhD11Mary Corcoran, PhD12Simon Cottrell, PhD13Robert Cunney, MB14Lize Cuypers, PhD15Tine Dalby, PhD16Heather Davies, NZCS17Linda de Gouveia, NatDipMedTech18Ala-Eddine Deghmane, PhD19Walter Demczuk, BSc20Stefanie Desmet, PhD21Mirian Domenech, PhD22Richard Drew, MD23Mignon du Plessis, PhD24Carolina Duarte, PhD25Helga Erlendsdóttir, ProfMSc26Norman K Fry, PhD27Kurt Fuursted, MD28Thomas Hale, ProfPhD29Desiree Henares, PhD30Birgitta Henriques-Normark, ProfMD31Markus Hilty, PhD32Steen Hoffmann, MD33Hilary Humphreys, ProfMD34Margaret Ip, ProfMSc35Susanne Jacobsson, PhD36Christopher Johnson, PhD37Jillian Johnston, MBBS38Keith A Jolley, PhD39Aníbal Kawabata40Jana Kozakova, MD41Karl G Kristinsson, ProfMD42Pavla Krizova, MD43Alicja Kuch, PhD44Shamez Ladhani, MD45Thiên-Trí Lâm, MD46María Eugenia León, MSc47Laura Lindholm, MSc48David Litt, PhD49Martin C J Maiden, ProfPhD50Irene Martin, BSc51Delphine Martiny, ProfPhD52Wesley Mattheus, PhD53Noel D McCarthy, ProfDPhil54Mary Meehan, PhD55Susan Meiring, MBChB56Paula Mölling, PhD57Eva Morfeldt, PhD58Julie Morgan, HND59Robert Mulhall, PhD60Carmen Muñoz-Almagro, ProfMD61David Murdoch, ProfMD62Joy Murphy, BA Hons63Martin Musilek, PhD64Alexandre Mzabi, MD65Ludmila Novakova, MSc66Shahin Oftadeh, PhD67Amaresh Perez-Argüello, MLT68Maria Pérez-Vázquez, PhD69Monique Perrin, MD70Malorie Perry, MSc71Benoit Prevost, PhD72Maria Roberts, BSc(Hons)73Assaf Rokney, PhD74Merav Ron, PhD75Olga Marina Sanabria, MPH76Kevin J Scott, PhD77Carmen Sheppard, PhD78Lotta Siira, PhD79Vitali Sintchenko, ProfPhD80Anna Skoczyńska, ProfPhD81Monica Sloan82Hans-Christian Slotved, DMSc83Andrew J Smith, ProfFRCPath84Anneke Steens, PhD85Muhamed-Kheir Taha, ProfMD86Maija Toropainen, PhD87Georgina Tzanakaki, ProfPhD88Anni Vainio, PhD89Mark P G van der Linden, PhD90Nina M van Sorge, ProfPhD91Emmanuelle Varon, MD92Sandra Vohrnova, MD93Anne von Gottberg, ProfPhD94Jose Yuste, PhD95Rosemeire Zanella, PhD96Fei Zhou, PhD97Angela B Brueggemann, ProfDPhil98Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKNational Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainImmunisation and Countermeasures Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UKInstituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, ColombiaIrish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, IrelandStaphylococcus and Streptococcus Reference Section, AMRHAI, UK Health Security Agency, London, UKDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, ChinaSwiss National Reference Center for Invasive Pneumococci, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandDepartment of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Health, Microbiology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, ChinaUniversity of Würzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Würzburg, GermanyStaphylococcus and Streptococcus Reference Section, AMRHAI, UK Health Security Agency, London, UKIrish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, IrelandPublic Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UKIrish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, IrelandNational Reference Centre for Streptococcus pneumoniae, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumStatens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention, Copenhagen, DenmarkMeningococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua, New ZealandCentre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South AfricaInstitut Pasteur, Univeristé Paris Cité, Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit and National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Paris, FranceNational Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaNational Reference Centre for Streptococcus pneumoniae, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumNational Center for Microbiology and CIBER of Respiratory Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainIrish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Clinical Innovation Unit, Rotunda, Dublin, IrelandCentre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South AfricaInstituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, ColombiaDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, IcelandImmunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division and Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UKStatens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, DenmarkBlavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKMicrobiology Department, Institut Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, SpainKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, SwedenSwiss National Reference Center for Invasive Pneumococci, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandStatens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, IrelandDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, ChinaNational Reference Laboratory for Neisseria meningitidis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenPublic Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UKPublic Health Agency, Belfast, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKLaboratorio Central de Salud Pública, Asunción, ParaguayNational Reference Laboratory for Streptococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, IcelandNational Reference Laboratory for Meningococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech RepublicNational Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, PolandImmunisation and Countermeasures Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UKUniversity of Würzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Würzburg, GermanyLaboratorio Central de Salud Pública, Asunción, ParaguayFinnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FinlandRespiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKNational Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaNational Belgian Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoire des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles-Universitair Laboratorium van Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, BelgiumMeningococcal National Reference Centre, Sciensano, BelgiumPopulation Health Medicine, Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandIrish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, IrelandDivision of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South AfricaNational Reference Laboratory for Neisseria meningitidis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenPublic Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, SwedenStreptococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Porirua, New ZealandIrish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, IrelandMicrobiology Department, Institut Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain; Medicine Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, SpainUniversity of Otago, Christchurch, New ZealandPublic Health Agency, Belfast, UKNational Reference Laboratory for Meningococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech RepublicMinistère de la Santé - Direction de la santé, Luxembourg, LuxembourgNational Reference Laboratory for Haemophilus Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech RepublicNSW Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaMicrobiology Department, Institut Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, SpainLaboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainLaboratoire National de Sante, Dudelange, LuxembourgPublic Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UKNational Belgian Reference Centre for Haemophilus influenzae, Laboratoire des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles-Universitair Laboratorium van Brussel, Brussels, BelgiumPublic Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UKPublic Health Laboratories–Jerusalem, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, IsraelPublic Health Laboratories–Jerusalem, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, IsraelInstituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, ColombiaBacterial Respiratory Infection Service, Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UKRespiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UKFinnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FinlandNSW Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, NSW, AustraliaNational Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, PolandPublic Health Agency, Belfast, UKStatens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Copenhagen, DenmarkBacterial Respiratory Infection Service, Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UKCentre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, NetherlandsInstitut Pasteur, Univeristé Paris Cité, Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit and National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, Paris, FranceFinnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FinlandNational Meningitis Reference Laboratory, Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, GreeceFinnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of Medical Microbiology, German National Reference Centre for Streptococci, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, GermanyDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, and Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NetherlandsLaboratory of Medical Biology and National Reference Centre for Pneumococci, Intercommunal Hospital of Créteil, Créteil, FranceNational Reference Laboratory for Streptococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech RepublicCentre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South AfricaNational Center for Microbiology and CIBER of Respiratory Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainNational Laboratory for Meningitis and Pneumococcal Infections, Center of Bacteriology, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, BrazilDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, ChinaNuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Correspondence to: Professor Angela Brueggemann, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UKSummary: Background: The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Consortium was established to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We aimed to analyse the incidence and distribution of these diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the 2 years preceding the pandemic. Methods: For this prospective analysis, laboratories in 30 countries and territories representing five continents submitted surveillance data from Jan 1, 2018, to Jan 2, 2022, to private projects within databases in PubMLST. The impact of COVID-19 containment measures on the overall number of cases was analysed, and changes in disease distributions by patient age and serotype or group were examined. Interrupted time-series analyses were done to quantify the impact of pandemic response measures and their relaxation on disease rates, and autoregressive integrated moving average models were used to estimate effect sizes and forecast counterfactual trends by hemisphere. Findings: Overall, 116 841 cases were analysed: 76 481 in 2018–19, before the pandemic, and 40 360 in 2020–21, during the pandemic. During the pandemic there was a significant reduction in the risk of disease caused by S pneumoniae (risk ratio 0·47; 95% CI 0·40–0·55), H influenzae (0·51; 0·40–0·66) and N meningitidis (0·26; 0·21–0·31), while no significant changes were observed for S agalactiae (1·02; 0·75–1·40), which is not transmitted via the respiratory route. No major changes in the distribution of cases were observed when stratified by patient age or serotype or group. An estimated 36 289 (95% prediction interval 17 145–55 434) cases of invasive bacterial disease were averted during the first 2 years of the pandemic among IRIS-participating countries and territories. Interpretation: COVID-19 containment measures were associated with a sustained decrease in the incidence of invasive disease caused by S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis during the first 2 years of the pandemic, but cases began to increase in some countries towards the end of 2021 as pandemic restrictions were lifted. These IRIS data provide a better understanding of microbial transmission, will inform vaccine development and implementation, and can contribute to health-care service planning and provision of policies. Funding: Wellcome Trust, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Torsten Söderberg Foundation, Stockholm County Council, Swedish Research Council, German Federal Ministry of Health, Robert Koch Institute, Pfizer, Merck, and the Greek National Public Health Organization.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589750023001085 |
| spellingShingle | David Shaw, MBBCh Raquel Abad, PhD Zahin Amin-Chowdhury, MSc Adriana Bautista, MSc Desiree Bennett, PhD Karen Broughton, MSc Bin Cao, ProfMD Carlo Casanova, PhD Eun Hwa Choi, ProfMD Yiu-Wai Chu, PhD Heike Claus, PhD Juliana Coelho, PhD Mary Corcoran, PhD Simon Cottrell, PhD Robert Cunney, MB Lize Cuypers, PhD Tine Dalby, PhD Heather Davies, NZCS Linda de Gouveia, NatDipMedTech Ala-Eddine Deghmane, PhD Walter Demczuk, BSc Stefanie Desmet, PhD Mirian Domenech, PhD Richard Drew, MD Mignon du Plessis, PhD Carolina Duarte, PhD Helga Erlendsdóttir, ProfMSc Norman K Fry, PhD Kurt Fuursted, MD Thomas Hale, ProfPhD Desiree Henares, PhD Birgitta Henriques-Normark, ProfMD Markus Hilty, PhD Steen Hoffmann, MD Hilary Humphreys, ProfMD Margaret Ip, ProfMSc Susanne Jacobsson, PhD Christopher Johnson, PhD Jillian Johnston, MBBS Keith A Jolley, PhD Aníbal Kawabata Jana Kozakova, MD Karl G Kristinsson, ProfMD Pavla Krizova, MD Alicja Kuch, PhD Shamez Ladhani, MD Thiên-Trí Lâm, MD María Eugenia León, MSc Laura Lindholm, MSc David Litt, PhD Martin C J Maiden, ProfPhD Irene Martin, BSc Delphine Martiny, ProfPhD Wesley Mattheus, PhD Noel D McCarthy, ProfDPhil Mary Meehan, PhD Susan Meiring, MBChB Paula Mölling, PhD Eva Morfeldt, PhD Julie Morgan, HND Robert Mulhall, PhD Carmen Muñoz-Almagro, ProfMD David Murdoch, ProfMD Joy Murphy, BA Hons Martin Musilek, PhD Alexandre Mzabi, MD Ludmila Novakova, MSc Shahin Oftadeh, PhD Amaresh Perez-Argüello, MLT Maria Pérez-Vázquez, PhD Monique Perrin, MD Malorie Perry, MSc Benoit Prevost, PhD Maria Roberts, BSc(Hons) Assaf Rokney, PhD Merav Ron, PhD Olga Marina Sanabria, MPH Kevin J Scott, PhD Carmen Sheppard, PhD Lotta Siira, PhD Vitali Sintchenko, ProfPhD Anna Skoczyńska, ProfPhD Monica Sloan Hans-Christian Slotved, DMSc Andrew J Smith, ProfFRCPath Anneke Steens, PhD Muhamed-Kheir Taha, ProfMD Maija Toropainen, PhD Georgina Tzanakaki, ProfPhD Anni Vainio, PhD Mark P G van der Linden, PhD Nina M van Sorge, ProfPhD Emmanuelle Varon, MD Sandra Vohrnova, MD Anne von Gottberg, ProfPhD Jose Yuste, PhD Rosemeire Zanella, PhD Fei Zhou, PhD Angela B Brueggemann, ProfDPhil Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium The Lancet: Digital Health |
| title | Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium |
| title_full | Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium |
| title_fullStr | Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium |
| title_short | Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium |
| title_sort | trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the covid 19 pandemic analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the iris consortium |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589750023001085 |
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