TESS Spots a Super-puff: The Remarkably Low Density of TOI-1420b
We present the discovery of TOI-1420b, an exceptionally low-density ( ρ = 0.08 ± 0.02 g cm ^−3 ) transiting planet in a P = 6.96 days orbit around a late G-dwarf star. Using transit observations from TESS, LCOGT, Observatoire Privé du Mont, Whitin, Wendelstein, OAUV, Ca l’Ou, and KeplerCam, along wi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astronomical Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acf858 |
| _version_ | 1827799823762325504 |
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| author | Stephanie Yoshida Shreyas Vissapragada David W. Latham Allyson Bieryla Daniel P. Thorngren Jason D. Eastman Mercedes López-Morales Khalid Barkaoui Charles Beichman Perry Berlind Lars A. Buchave Michael L. Calkins David R. Ciardi Karen A. Collins Rosario Cosentino Ian J. M. Crossfield Fei Dai Victoria DiTomasso Nicholas Dowling Gilbert A. Esquerdo Raquel Forés-Toribio Adriano Ghedina Maria V. Goliguzova Eli Golub Erica J. Gonzales Ferran Grau Horta Jesus Higuera Nora Hoch Keith Horne Steve B. Howell Jon M. Jenkins Jessica Klusmeyer Didier Laloum Jack J. Lissauer Sarah E. Logsdon Luca Malavolta Rachel A. Matson Elisabeth C. Matthews Kim K. McLeod Jennifer V. Medina Jose A. Muñoz Hugh P. Osborn Boris Safonov Joshua Schlieder Michael Schmidt Heidi Schweiker Sara Seager Alessandro Sozzetti Gregor Srdoc Guđmundur Stefánsson Ivan A. Strakhov Stephanie Striegel Joel Villaseñor Joshua N. Winn |
| author_facet | Stephanie Yoshida Shreyas Vissapragada David W. Latham Allyson Bieryla Daniel P. Thorngren Jason D. Eastman Mercedes López-Morales Khalid Barkaoui Charles Beichman Perry Berlind Lars A. Buchave Michael L. Calkins David R. Ciardi Karen A. Collins Rosario Cosentino Ian J. M. Crossfield Fei Dai Victoria DiTomasso Nicholas Dowling Gilbert A. Esquerdo Raquel Forés-Toribio Adriano Ghedina Maria V. Goliguzova Eli Golub Erica J. Gonzales Ferran Grau Horta Jesus Higuera Nora Hoch Keith Horne Steve B. Howell Jon M. Jenkins Jessica Klusmeyer Didier Laloum Jack J. Lissauer Sarah E. Logsdon Luca Malavolta Rachel A. Matson Elisabeth C. Matthews Kim K. McLeod Jennifer V. Medina Jose A. Muñoz Hugh P. Osborn Boris Safonov Joshua Schlieder Michael Schmidt Heidi Schweiker Sara Seager Alessandro Sozzetti Gregor Srdoc Guđmundur Stefánsson Ivan A. Strakhov Stephanie Striegel Joel Villaseñor Joshua N. Winn |
| author_sort | Stephanie Yoshida |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present the discovery of TOI-1420b, an exceptionally low-density ( ρ = 0.08 ± 0.02 g cm ^−3 ) transiting planet in a P = 6.96 days orbit around a late G-dwarf star. Using transit observations from TESS, LCOGT, Observatoire Privé du Mont, Whitin, Wendelstein, OAUV, Ca l’Ou, and KeplerCam, along with radial velocity observations from HARPS-N and NEID, we find that the planet has a radius of R _p = 11.9 ± 0.3 R _⊕ and a mass of M _p = 25.1 ± 3.8 M _⊕ . TOI-1420b is the largest known planet with a mass less than 50 M _⊕ , indicating that it contains a sizeable envelope of hydrogen and helium. We determine TOI-1420b’s envelope mass fraction to be ${f}_{\mathrm{env}}={82}_{-6}^{+7} \% $ , suggesting that runaway gas accretion occurred when its core was at most four to five times the mass of the Earth. TOI-1420b is similar to the planet WASP-107b in mass, radius, density, and orbital period, so a comparison of these two systems may help reveal the origins of close-in low-density planets. With an atmospheric scale height of 1950 km, a transmission spectroscopy metric of 580, and a predicted Rossiter–McLaughlin amplitude of about 17 m s ^−1 , TOI-1420b is an excellent target for future atmospheric and dynamical characterization. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T19:58:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3851d74f306a41f3b36345f80e93f704 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-3881 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T19:58:19Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astronomical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-3851d74f306a41f3b36345f80e93f7042023-10-04T13:50:17ZengIOP PublishingThe Astronomical Journal1538-38812023-01-01166518110.3847/1538-3881/acf858TESS Spots a Super-puff: The Remarkably Low Density of TOI-1420bStephanie Yoshida0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4015-9975Shreyas Vissapragada1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2527-1475David W. Latham2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9911-7388Allyson Bieryla3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6637-5401Daniel P. Thorngren4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5113-8558Jason D. Eastman5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3773-5142Mercedes López-Morales6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-8183Khalid Barkaoui7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-9276Charles Beichman8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5627-5471Perry Berlind9Lars A. Buchave10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1605-5666Michael L. Calkins11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2830-5661David R. Ciardi12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5741-3047Karen A. Collins13https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-9574Rosario Cosentino14https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1784-1431Ian J. M. Crossfield15Fei Dai16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8958-0683Victoria DiTomasso17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0741-7661Nicholas Dowling18Gilbert A. Esquerdo19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9789-5474Raquel Forés-Toribio20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6482-2180Adriano Ghedina21https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4702-5152Maria V. Goliguzova22https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-7914Eli Golub23Erica J. Gonzales24https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9329-2190Ferran Grau Horta25https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9927-7269Jesus Higuera26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3985-8528Nora Hoch27https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7227-2556Keith Horne28https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1728-0304Steve B. Howell29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2532-2853Jon M. Jenkins30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-9460Jessica Klusmeyer31https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3906-9518Didier Laloum32Jack J. Lissauer33https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6513-1659Sarah E. Logsdon34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9632-9382Luca Malavolta35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6492-2085Rachel A. Matson36Elisabeth C. Matthews37https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0593-1560Kim K. McLeod38https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-1486Jennifer V. Medina39Jose A. Muñoz40Hugh P. Osborn41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-4724Boris Safonov42https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1713-3208Joshua Schlieder43https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5347-7062Michael Schmidt44Heidi Schweiker45https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-4869Sara Seager46https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-6948Alessandro Sozzetti47https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7504-365XGregor Srdoc48Guđmundur Stefánsson49https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7409-5688Ivan A. Strakhov50https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-6133Stephanie Striegel51https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5145-0446Joel Villaseñor52Joshua N. Winn53https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4265-047XCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; syoshida@college.harvard.eduCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; syoshida@college.harvard.eduCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; syoshida@college.harvard.eduCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; syoshida@college.harvard.eduDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD 21210, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; syoshida@college.harvard.eduCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; syoshida@college.harvard.eduAstrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Août, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , Calle Vía Láctea s/n, E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainInfrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; syoshida@college.harvard.eduDTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Lyngby, DenmarkCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; syoshida@college.harvard.eduInfrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; syoshida@college.harvard.eduFundación Galileo Galilei-INAF , Rambla José Ana Fernandez Pérez 7, E-38712 Breña Baja, Tenerife, SpainDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS 66045, USADivision of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; syoshida@college.harvard.eduUniversity Observatory, Ludwig Maximilian University , Scheinerstrasse 1, D-81679 Munich, GermanyCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; syoshida@college.harvard.eduDepartamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad de Valencia , E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de Valencia , E-46980 Paterna, Valencia, SpainFundación Galileo Galilei-INAF , Rambla José Ana Fernandez Pérez 7, E-38712 Breña Baja, Tenerife, SpainSternberg Astronomical Institute Lomonosov Moscow State University 119992 , Moscow, Russia, Universitetskii prospekt, 13, RussiaNSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USAUniversity of California , Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95065, USAObservatori de Ca l’Ou , Carrer de dalt 18, Sant Martí Sesgueioles E-08282, Barcelona, SpainNSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USADepartment of Astronomy, Wellesley College , Wellesley, MA 02481, USASUPA Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews , Fife, KY16 9SS, Scotland, UKNASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035 USANASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035 USANSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USASociété Astronomique de France , 3 Rue Beethoven, F-75016 Paris, FranceSpace Science & Astrobiology Division, MS 245-3, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USANSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USADipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Universita di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, ItalyThe United States Naval Observatory , 3450 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20392, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Astronomy, Wellesley College , Wellesley, MA 02481, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad de Valencia , E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de Valencia , E-46980 Paterna, Valencia, SpainDepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; NCCR/Planet-S, Universität Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, SwitzerlandSternberg Astronomical Institute Lomonosov Moscow State University 119992 , Moscow, Russia, Universitetskii prospekt, 13, RussiaNASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAUniversity Observatory, Ludwig Maximilian University , Scheinerstrasse 1, D-81679 Munich, GermanyNSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USADepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USAINAFOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , Via Osservatorio, 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese TO, ItalyKotizarovci Observatory , Sarsoni 90, 51216 Viskovo, CroatiaDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540, USASternberg Astronomical Institute Lomonosov Moscow State University 119992 , Moscow, Russia, Universitetskii prospekt, 13, RussiaNASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA; SETI Institute , Mountain View, CA 94043 USADepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USADepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540, USAWe present the discovery of TOI-1420b, an exceptionally low-density ( ρ = 0.08 ± 0.02 g cm ^−3 ) transiting planet in a P = 6.96 days orbit around a late G-dwarf star. Using transit observations from TESS, LCOGT, Observatoire Privé du Mont, Whitin, Wendelstein, OAUV, Ca l’Ou, and KeplerCam, along with radial velocity observations from HARPS-N and NEID, we find that the planet has a radius of R _p = 11.9 ± 0.3 R _⊕ and a mass of M _p = 25.1 ± 3.8 M _⊕ . TOI-1420b is the largest known planet with a mass less than 50 M _⊕ , indicating that it contains a sizeable envelope of hydrogen and helium. We determine TOI-1420b’s envelope mass fraction to be ${f}_{\mathrm{env}}={82}_{-6}^{+7} \% $ , suggesting that runaway gas accretion occurred when its core was at most four to five times the mass of the Earth. TOI-1420b is similar to the planet WASP-107b in mass, radius, density, and orbital period, so a comparison of these two systems may help reveal the origins of close-in low-density planets. With an atmospheric scale height of 1950 km, a transmission spectroscopy metric of 580, and a predicted Rossiter–McLaughlin amplitude of about 17 m s ^−1 , TOI-1420b is an excellent target for future atmospheric and dynamical characterization.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acf858ExoplanetsTransitsExoplanet structure |
| spellingShingle | Stephanie Yoshida Shreyas Vissapragada David W. Latham Allyson Bieryla Daniel P. Thorngren Jason D. Eastman Mercedes López-Morales Khalid Barkaoui Charles Beichman Perry Berlind Lars A. Buchave Michael L. Calkins David R. Ciardi Karen A. Collins Rosario Cosentino Ian J. M. Crossfield Fei Dai Victoria DiTomasso Nicholas Dowling Gilbert A. Esquerdo Raquel Forés-Toribio Adriano Ghedina Maria V. Goliguzova Eli Golub Erica J. Gonzales Ferran Grau Horta Jesus Higuera Nora Hoch Keith Horne Steve B. Howell Jon M. Jenkins Jessica Klusmeyer Didier Laloum Jack J. Lissauer Sarah E. Logsdon Luca Malavolta Rachel A. Matson Elisabeth C. Matthews Kim K. McLeod Jennifer V. Medina Jose A. Muñoz Hugh P. Osborn Boris Safonov Joshua Schlieder Michael Schmidt Heidi Schweiker Sara Seager Alessandro Sozzetti Gregor Srdoc Guđmundur Stefánsson Ivan A. Strakhov Stephanie Striegel Joel Villaseñor Joshua N. Winn TESS Spots a Super-puff: The Remarkably Low Density of TOI-1420b The Astronomical Journal Exoplanets Transits Exoplanet structure |
| title | TESS Spots a Super-puff: The Remarkably Low Density of TOI-1420b |
| title_full | TESS Spots a Super-puff: The Remarkably Low Density of TOI-1420b |
| title_fullStr | TESS Spots a Super-puff: The Remarkably Low Density of TOI-1420b |
| title_full_unstemmed | TESS Spots a Super-puff: The Remarkably Low Density of TOI-1420b |
| title_short | TESS Spots a Super-puff: The Remarkably Low Density of TOI-1420b |
| title_sort | tess spots a super puff the remarkably low density of toi 1420b |
| topic | Exoplanets Transits Exoplanet structure |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acf858 |
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