Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review
PurposeLong COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, refers to the constellation of long-term symptoms experienced by people suffering persistent symptoms for one or more months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood biomarkers can be altered in long COVID patients; however, biomarkers assoc...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1085988/full |
| _version_ | 1828057962831151104 |
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| author | Yun-Ju Lai Shou-Hou Liu Sumatchara Manachevakul Te-An Lee Te-An Lee Chun-Tse Kuo Dhimiter Bello |
| author_facet | Yun-Ju Lai Shou-Hou Liu Sumatchara Manachevakul Te-An Lee Te-An Lee Chun-Tse Kuo Dhimiter Bello |
| author_sort | Yun-Ju Lai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | PurposeLong COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, refers to the constellation of long-term symptoms experienced by people suffering persistent symptoms for one or more months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood biomarkers can be altered in long COVID patients; however, biomarkers associated with long COVID symptoms and their roles in disease progression remain undetermined. This study aims to systematically evaluate blood biomarkers that may act as indicators or therapeutic targets for long COVID.MethodsA systematic literature review in PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL was performed on 18 August 2022. The search keywords long COVID-19 symptoms and biomarkers were used to filter out the eligible studies, which were then carefully evaluated.ResultsIdentified from 28 studies and representing six biological classifications, 113 biomarkers were significantly associated with long COVID: (1) Cytokine/Chemokine (38, 33.6%); (2) Biochemical markers (24, 21.2%); (3) Vascular markers (20, 17.7%); (4) Neurological markers (6, 5.3%); (5) Acute phase protein (5, 4.4%); and (6) Others (20, 17.7%). Compared with healthy control or recovered patients without long COVID symptoms, 79 biomarkers were increased, 29 were decreased, and 5 required further determination in the long COVID patients. Of these, up-regulated Interleukin 6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor alpha might serve as the potential diagnostic biomarkers for long COVID. Moreover, long COVID patients with neurological symptoms exhibited higher levels of neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein whereas those with pulmonary symptoms exhibited a higher level of transforming growth factor beta.ConclusionLong COVID patients present elevated inflammatory biomarkers after initial infection. Our study found significant associations between specific biomarkers and long COVID symptoms. Further investigations are warranted to identify a core set of blood biomarkers that can be used to diagnose and manage long COVID patients in clinical practice. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T21:20:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3893a2b598f543299c54f63c295c00a9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-858X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T21:20:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-3893a2b598f543299c54f63c295c00a92023-01-20T05:35:04ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Medicine2296-858X2023-01-011010.3389/fmed.2023.10859881085988Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic reviewYun-Ju Lai0Shou-Hou Liu1Sumatchara Manachevakul2Te-An Lee3Te-An Lee4Chun-Tse Kuo5Dhimiter Bello6School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United StatesInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, TaiwanSchool of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United StatesInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, TaiwanGraduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United StatesPurposeLong COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, refers to the constellation of long-term symptoms experienced by people suffering persistent symptoms for one or more months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood biomarkers can be altered in long COVID patients; however, biomarkers associated with long COVID symptoms and their roles in disease progression remain undetermined. This study aims to systematically evaluate blood biomarkers that may act as indicators or therapeutic targets for long COVID.MethodsA systematic literature review in PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL was performed on 18 August 2022. The search keywords long COVID-19 symptoms and biomarkers were used to filter out the eligible studies, which were then carefully evaluated.ResultsIdentified from 28 studies and representing six biological classifications, 113 biomarkers were significantly associated with long COVID: (1) Cytokine/Chemokine (38, 33.6%); (2) Biochemical markers (24, 21.2%); (3) Vascular markers (20, 17.7%); (4) Neurological markers (6, 5.3%); (5) Acute phase protein (5, 4.4%); and (6) Others (20, 17.7%). Compared with healthy control or recovered patients without long COVID symptoms, 79 biomarkers were increased, 29 were decreased, and 5 required further determination in the long COVID patients. Of these, up-regulated Interleukin 6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor alpha might serve as the potential diagnostic biomarkers for long COVID. Moreover, long COVID patients with neurological symptoms exhibited higher levels of neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein whereas those with pulmonary symptoms exhibited a higher level of transforming growth factor beta.ConclusionLong COVID patients present elevated inflammatory biomarkers after initial infection. Our study found significant associations between specific biomarkers and long COVID symptoms. Further investigations are warranted to identify a core set of blood biomarkers that can be used to diagnose and manage long COVID patients in clinical practice.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1085988/fullbiomarkerlong COVIDIL-6CRPTNF-α |
| spellingShingle | Yun-Ju Lai Shou-Hou Liu Sumatchara Manachevakul Te-An Lee Te-An Lee Chun-Tse Kuo Dhimiter Bello Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review Frontiers in Medicine biomarker long COVID IL-6 CRP TNF-α |
| title | Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review |
| title_full | Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review |
| title_fullStr | Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review |
| title_short | Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review |
| title_sort | biomarkers in long covid 19 a systematic review |
| topic | biomarker long COVID IL-6 CRP TNF-α |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1085988/full |
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