Geochemistry of PM<sub>10</sub> over Europe during the EMEP intensive measurement periods in summer 2012 and winter 2013
The third intensive measurement period (IMP) organised by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) under the UNECE CLTRAP took place in summer 2012 and winter 2013, with PM<sub>10</sub> filter samples concurrently collected at 20 (16 EMEP) regional background sites acr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2016-05-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/6107/2016/acp-16-6107-2016.pdf |
| Summary: | The third intensive measurement period (IMP) organised by
the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) under the UNECE
CLTRAP took place in summer 2012 and winter 2013, with PM<sub>10</sub> filter
samples concurrently collected at 20 (16 EMEP) regional background sites
across Europe for subsequent analysis of their mineral dust content. All
samples were analysed by the same or a comparable methodology. Higher
PM<sub>10</sub> mineral dust loadings were observed at most sites in summer
(0.5–10 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) compared to winter (0.2–2 µg m<sup>−3</sup>),
with the most elevated concentrations in the southern- and easternmost
countries, accounting for 20–40 % of PM<sub>10</sub>. Saharan dust outbreaks
were responsible for the high summer dust loadings at western and central
European sites, whereas regional or local sources explained the elevated
concentrations observed at eastern sites. The eastern Mediterranean sites
experienced elevated levels due to African dust outbreaks during both summer
and winter. The mineral dust composition varied more in winter than in
summer, with a higher relative contribution of anthropogenic dust during the
former period. A relatively high contribution of K from non-mineral and
non-sea-salt sources, such as biomass burning, was evident in winter at some
of the central and eastern European sites. The spatial distribution of some
components and metals reveals the influence of specific anthropogenic
sources on a regional scale: shipping emissions (V, Ni, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>)
in the Mediterranean region, metallurgy (Cr, Ni, and Mn) in central and
eastern Europe, high temperature processes (As, Pb, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) in
eastern countries, and traffic (Cu) at sites affected by emissions from
nearby cities. |
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| ISSN: | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |