Simulating the Detection of the Global 21 cm Signal with MIST for Different Models of the Soil and Beam Directivity
The Mapper of the IGM Spin Temperature (MIST) is a new ground-based, single-antenna, radio experiment attempting to detect the global 21 cm signal from the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn. A significant challenge in this measurement is the frequency dependence, or chromaticity, of the antenna beam directi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2024-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad0f1b |
| _version_ | 1797354931464699904 |
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| author | Raul A. Monsalve Christian H. Bye Jonathan L. Sievers Vadym Bidula Ricardo Bustos H. Cynthia Chiang Xinze Guo Ian Hendricksen Francis McGee F. Patricio Mena Garima Prabhakar Oscar Restrepo Nithyanandan Thyagarajan |
| author_facet | Raul A. Monsalve Christian H. Bye Jonathan L. Sievers Vadym Bidula Ricardo Bustos H. Cynthia Chiang Xinze Guo Ian Hendricksen Francis McGee F. Patricio Mena Garima Prabhakar Oscar Restrepo Nithyanandan Thyagarajan |
| author_sort | Raul A. Monsalve |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Mapper of the IGM Spin Temperature (MIST) is a new ground-based, single-antenna, radio experiment attempting to detect the global 21 cm signal from the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn. A significant challenge in this measurement is the frequency dependence, or chromaticity, of the antenna beam directivity. MIST observes with the antenna above the soil and without a metal ground plane, and the beam directivity is sensitive to the electrical characteristics of the soil. In this paper, we use simulated observations with MIST to study how the detection of the global 21 cm signal from Cosmic Dawn is affected by the soil and the MIST beam directivity. We simulate observations using electromagnetic models of the directivity computed for single- and two-layer models of the soil. We test the recovery of the Cosmic Dawn signal with and without beam chromaticity correction applied to the simulated data. We find that our single-layer soil models enable a straightforward recovery of the signal even without chromaticity correction. Two-layer models increase the beam chromaticity and make the recovery more challenging. However, for the model in which the bottom soil layer has a lower electrical conductivity than the top layer, the signal can be recovered even without chromaticity correction. For the other two-layer models, chromaticity correction is necessary for the recovery of the signal, and the accuracy requirements for the soil parameters vary between models. These results will be used as a guideline to select observation sites that are favorable for the detection of the Cosmic Dawn signal. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T13:56:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-38ca96cbf10543c7b1f30cc752ef6180 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T13:56:57Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-38ca96cbf10543c7b1f30cc752ef61802024-01-15T12:27:09ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572024-01-0196115610.3847/1538-4357/ad0f1bSimulating the Detection of the Global 21 cm Signal with MIST for Different Models of the Soil and Beam DirectivityRaul A. Monsalve0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3287-2327Christian H. Bye1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7971-3390Jonathan L. Sievers2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6903-5074Vadym Bidula3https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9653-6104Ricardo Bustos4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8468-9391H. Cynthia Chiang5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4098-9533Xinze Guo6https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9727-8326Ian Hendricksen7https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3736-2080Francis McGee8https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1658-6071F. Patricio Mena9Garima Prabhakar10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4242-2685Oscar Restrepo11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2924-9278Nithyanandan Thyagarajan12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1602-7868Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA ; raul.monsalve@berkeley.edu; School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción , Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, ChileDepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Physics and Trottier Space Institute, McGill University , Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada; School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South AfricaDepartment of Physics and Trottier Space Institute, McGill University , Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaDepartamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción , Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, ChileDepartment of Physics and Trottier Space Institute, McGill University , Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada; School of Mathematics, Statistics, & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South AfricaSpace Sciences Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA ; raul.monsalve@berkeley.eduDepartment of Physics and Trottier Space Institute, McGill University , Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaDepartment of Physics and Trottier Space Institute, McGill University , Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaNational Radio Astronomy Observatory , Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Chile , Santiago, ChileSpace Sciences Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA ; raul.monsalve@berkeley.eduDepartamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Chile , Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad ECCI , Bogotá, 111311, ColombiaCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Space & Astronomy, P.O. Box 1130, Bentley, WA 6102, AustraliaThe Mapper of the IGM Spin Temperature (MIST) is a new ground-based, single-antenna, radio experiment attempting to detect the global 21 cm signal from the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn. A significant challenge in this measurement is the frequency dependence, or chromaticity, of the antenna beam directivity. MIST observes with the antenna above the soil and without a metal ground plane, and the beam directivity is sensitive to the electrical characteristics of the soil. In this paper, we use simulated observations with MIST to study how the detection of the global 21 cm signal from Cosmic Dawn is affected by the soil and the MIST beam directivity. We simulate observations using electromagnetic models of the directivity computed for single- and two-layer models of the soil. We test the recovery of the Cosmic Dawn signal with and without beam chromaticity correction applied to the simulated data. We find that our single-layer soil models enable a straightforward recovery of the signal even without chromaticity correction. Two-layer models increase the beam chromaticity and make the recovery more challenging. However, for the model in which the bottom soil layer has a lower electrical conductivity than the top layer, the signal can be recovered even without chromaticity correction. For the other two-layer models, chromaticity correction is necessary for the recovery of the signal, and the accuracy requirements for the soil parameters vary between models. These results will be used as a guideline to select observation sites that are favorable for the detection of the Cosmic Dawn signal.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad0f1bPopulation III starsReionizationIntergalactic mediumH I line emissionRadio receiversBayesian statistics |
| spellingShingle | Raul A. Monsalve Christian H. Bye Jonathan L. Sievers Vadym Bidula Ricardo Bustos H. Cynthia Chiang Xinze Guo Ian Hendricksen Francis McGee F. Patricio Mena Garima Prabhakar Oscar Restrepo Nithyanandan Thyagarajan Simulating the Detection of the Global 21 cm Signal with MIST for Different Models of the Soil and Beam Directivity The Astrophysical Journal Population III stars Reionization Intergalactic medium H I line emission Radio receivers Bayesian statistics |
| title | Simulating the Detection of the Global 21 cm Signal with MIST for Different Models of the Soil and Beam Directivity |
| title_full | Simulating the Detection of the Global 21 cm Signal with MIST for Different Models of the Soil and Beam Directivity |
| title_fullStr | Simulating the Detection of the Global 21 cm Signal with MIST for Different Models of the Soil and Beam Directivity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Simulating the Detection of the Global 21 cm Signal with MIST for Different Models of the Soil and Beam Directivity |
| title_short | Simulating the Detection of the Global 21 cm Signal with MIST for Different Models of the Soil and Beam Directivity |
| title_sort | simulating the detection of the global 21 cm signal with mist for different models of the soil and beam directivity |
| topic | Population III stars Reionization Intergalactic medium H I line emission Radio receivers Bayesian statistics |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad0f1b |
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