The Effect of Natural-Based Formulation (NBF) on the Response of RAW264.7 Macrophages to LPS as an In Vitro Model of Inflammation
Macrophages are some of the most important immune cells in the organism and are responsible for creating an inflammatory immune response in order to inhibit the passage of microscopic foreign bodies into the blood stream. Sometimes, their activation can be responsible for chronic inflammatory diseas...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-03-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/3/321 |
| _version_ | 1797446492351365120 |
|---|---|
| author | Sheelu Monga Basem Fares Rami Yashaev Dov Melamed Meygal Kahana Fuad Fares Abraham Weizman Moshe Gavish |
| author_facet | Sheelu Monga Basem Fares Rami Yashaev Dov Melamed Meygal Kahana Fuad Fares Abraham Weizman Moshe Gavish |
| author_sort | Sheelu Monga |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Macrophages are some of the most important immune cells in the organism and are responsible for creating an inflammatory immune response in order to inhibit the passage of microscopic foreign bodies into the blood stream. Sometimes, their activation can be responsible for chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, tuberculosis, hepatitis, sinusitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and viral infections. Prolonged inflammation can damage the organs or may lead to death in serious conditions. In the present study, RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 20 ng/mL) and simultaneously treated with 20 µg/mL of natural-based formulation (NBF), mushroom–cannabidiol extract). Pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory markers were analyzed. The elevations in the presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6), cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), C-C motif ligand-5 (CCL5), and nitrite response, following exposure to LPS, were completely inhibited by NBF administration. IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release were inhibited by 3.9-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively. No toxic effect of NBF, as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, was observed. Treatment of the cells with NBF significantly increased the mRNA levels of TLR2, and TLR4, but not NF-κB. Thus, it appears that the NBF possesses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects which can attenuate the release of pro-inflammatory markers. NBF may be a candidate for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and deserves further investigation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:41:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-38da19400c614524a7ba7d33ec259544 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:41:10Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-38da19400c614524a7ba7d33ec2595442023-11-30T21:05:50ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2022-03-018332110.3390/jof8030321The Effect of Natural-Based Formulation (NBF) on the Response of RAW264.7 Macrophages to LPS as an In Vitro Model of InflammationSheelu Monga0Basem Fares1Rami Yashaev2Dov Melamed3Meygal Kahana4Fuad Fares5Abraham Weizman6Moshe Gavish7Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, IsraelCannabotech Ltd., 3 Arik Einstein St., Herzliya 4659071, IsraelRuth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, IsraelCannabotech Ltd., 3 Arik Einstein St., Herzliya 4659071, IsraelRuth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, IsraelDepartment of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, IsraelSackler Faculty of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, IsraelRuth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, IsraelMacrophages are some of the most important immune cells in the organism and are responsible for creating an inflammatory immune response in order to inhibit the passage of microscopic foreign bodies into the blood stream. Sometimes, their activation can be responsible for chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, tuberculosis, hepatitis, sinusitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and viral infections. Prolonged inflammation can damage the organs or may lead to death in serious conditions. In the present study, RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 20 ng/mL) and simultaneously treated with 20 µg/mL of natural-based formulation (NBF), mushroom–cannabidiol extract). Pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory markers were analyzed. The elevations in the presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6), cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), C-C motif ligand-5 (CCL5), and nitrite response, following exposure to LPS, were completely inhibited by NBF administration. IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release were inhibited by 3.9-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively. No toxic effect of NBF, as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, was observed. Treatment of the cells with NBF significantly increased the mRNA levels of TLR2, and TLR4, but not NF-κB. Thus, it appears that the NBF possesses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects which can attenuate the release of pro-inflammatory markers. NBF may be a candidate for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and deserves further investigation.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/3/321inflammationcytokineschemokinesmacrophagesmedicinal mushroomslipopolysaccharide |
| spellingShingle | Sheelu Monga Basem Fares Rami Yashaev Dov Melamed Meygal Kahana Fuad Fares Abraham Weizman Moshe Gavish The Effect of Natural-Based Formulation (NBF) on the Response of RAW264.7 Macrophages to LPS as an In Vitro Model of Inflammation Journal of Fungi inflammation cytokines chemokines macrophages medicinal mushrooms lipopolysaccharide |
| title | The Effect of Natural-Based Formulation (NBF) on the Response of RAW264.7 Macrophages to LPS as an In Vitro Model of Inflammation |
| title_full | The Effect of Natural-Based Formulation (NBF) on the Response of RAW264.7 Macrophages to LPS as an In Vitro Model of Inflammation |
| title_fullStr | The Effect of Natural-Based Formulation (NBF) on the Response of RAW264.7 Macrophages to LPS as an In Vitro Model of Inflammation |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of Natural-Based Formulation (NBF) on the Response of RAW264.7 Macrophages to LPS as an In Vitro Model of Inflammation |
| title_short | The Effect of Natural-Based Formulation (NBF) on the Response of RAW264.7 Macrophages to LPS as an In Vitro Model of Inflammation |
| title_sort | effect of natural based formulation nbf on the response of raw264 7 macrophages to lps as an in vitro model of inflammation |
| topic | inflammation cytokines chemokines macrophages medicinal mushrooms lipopolysaccharide |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/3/321 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sheelumonga theeffectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT basemfares theeffectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT ramiyashaev theeffectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT dovmelamed theeffectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT meygalkahana theeffectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT fuadfares theeffectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT abrahamweizman theeffectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT moshegavish theeffectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT sheelumonga effectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT basemfares effectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT ramiyashaev effectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT dovmelamed effectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT meygalkahana effectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT fuadfares effectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT abrahamweizman effectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation AT moshegavish effectofnaturalbasedformulationnbfontheresponseofraw2647macrophagestolpsasaninvitromodelofinflammation |