Comparison of Experienced and Novice Drivers’ Visual and Driving Behaviors during Warned or Unwarned Near–Forward Collisions
Forward collision warning systems (FCWSs) monitor the road ahead and warn drivers when the time to collision reaches a certain threshold. Using a driving simulator, this study compared the effects of FCWSs between novice drivers (unlicensed drivers) and experienced drivers (holding a driving license...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8150 |
| _version_ | 1797575139831840768 |
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| author | Jordan Navarro Emanuelle Reynaud Marie Claude Ouimet Damien Schnebelen |
| author_facet | Jordan Navarro Emanuelle Reynaud Marie Claude Ouimet Damien Schnebelen |
| author_sort | Jordan Navarro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Forward collision warning systems (FCWSs) monitor the road ahead and warn drivers when the time to collision reaches a certain threshold. Using a driving simulator, this study compared the effects of FCWSs between novice drivers (unlicensed drivers) and experienced drivers (holding a driving license for at least four years) on near-collision events, as well as visual and driving behaviors. The experimental drives lasted about six hours spread over six consecutive weeks. Visual behaviors (e.g., mean number of fixations) and driving behaviors (e.g., braking reaction times) were collected during unprovoked near-collision events occurring during a car-following task, with (FCWS group) or without FCWS (No Automation group). FCWS presence reduced the number of near-collision events drastically and enhanced visual behaviors during those events. Unexpectedly, brake reaction times were observed to be significantly longer with FCWS, suggesting a cognitive cost associated with the warning process. Still, the FCWS showed a slight safety benefit for novice drivers attributed to the assistance provided for the situation analysis. Outside the warning events, FCWS presence also impacted car-following behaviors. Drivers took an extra safety margin, possibly to prevent incidental triggering of warnings. The data enlighten the nature of the cognitive processes associated with FCWSs. Altogether, the findings support the general efficiency of FCWSs observed through a massive reduction in the number of near-collision events and point toward the need for further investigations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:35:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-392348f1a05f4319a9fa5f1125ab6939 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:35:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-392348f1a05f4319a9fa5f1125ab69392023-11-19T15:03:26ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-09-012319815010.3390/s23198150Comparison of Experienced and Novice Drivers’ Visual and Driving Behaviors during Warned or Unwarned Near–Forward CollisionsJordan Navarro0Emanuelle Reynaud1Marie Claude Ouimet2Damien Schnebelen3Laboratoire d’Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), University Lyon 2, 69007 Lyon, FranceLaboratoire d’Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), University Lyon 2, 69007 Lyon, FranceFaculté de Médecine Et des Sciences de La Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, CanadaLaboratoire d’Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), University Lyon 2, 69007 Lyon, FranceForward collision warning systems (FCWSs) monitor the road ahead and warn drivers when the time to collision reaches a certain threshold. Using a driving simulator, this study compared the effects of FCWSs between novice drivers (unlicensed drivers) and experienced drivers (holding a driving license for at least four years) on near-collision events, as well as visual and driving behaviors. The experimental drives lasted about six hours spread over six consecutive weeks. Visual behaviors (e.g., mean number of fixations) and driving behaviors (e.g., braking reaction times) were collected during unprovoked near-collision events occurring during a car-following task, with (FCWS group) or without FCWS (No Automation group). FCWS presence reduced the number of near-collision events drastically and enhanced visual behaviors during those events. Unexpectedly, brake reaction times were observed to be significantly longer with FCWS, suggesting a cognitive cost associated with the warning process. Still, the FCWS showed a slight safety benefit for novice drivers attributed to the assistance provided for the situation analysis. Outside the warning events, FCWS presence also impacted car-following behaviors. Drivers took an extra safety margin, possibly to prevent incidental triggering of warnings. The data enlighten the nature of the cognitive processes associated with FCWSs. Altogether, the findings support the general efficiency of FCWSs observed through a massive reduction in the number of near-collision events and point toward the need for further investigations.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8150human–machine cooperationwarningforward collision warning systemvisual behaviorssteering behaviorscar driving |
| spellingShingle | Jordan Navarro Emanuelle Reynaud Marie Claude Ouimet Damien Schnebelen Comparison of Experienced and Novice Drivers’ Visual and Driving Behaviors during Warned or Unwarned Near–Forward Collisions Sensors human–machine cooperation warning forward collision warning system visual behaviors steering behaviors car driving |
| title | Comparison of Experienced and Novice Drivers’ Visual and Driving Behaviors during Warned or Unwarned Near–Forward Collisions |
| title_full | Comparison of Experienced and Novice Drivers’ Visual and Driving Behaviors during Warned or Unwarned Near–Forward Collisions |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of Experienced and Novice Drivers’ Visual and Driving Behaviors during Warned or Unwarned Near–Forward Collisions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of Experienced and Novice Drivers’ Visual and Driving Behaviors during Warned or Unwarned Near–Forward Collisions |
| title_short | Comparison of Experienced and Novice Drivers’ Visual and Driving Behaviors during Warned or Unwarned Near–Forward Collisions |
| title_sort | comparison of experienced and novice drivers visual and driving behaviors during warned or unwarned near forward collisions |
| topic | human–machine cooperation warning forward collision warning system visual behaviors steering behaviors car driving |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/19/8150 |
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