Population Genetic Structure and Geometric Morphology of Codling Moth Populations from Different Management Systems
Codling moth (CM), <i>Cydia pomonella</i> L., is an important pest of apples worldwide. CM resistance to insecticides is a serious problem in apple production. For effective management and control, monitoring of resistant CM populations is absolutely necessary. Therefore, in this study,...
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2022-05-01
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author | Martina Kadoić Balaško Renata Bažok Katarina M. Mikac Hugo A. Benítez Manuel J. Suazo João Paulo Gomes Viana Darija Lemic Ivana Pajač Živković |
author_facet | Martina Kadoić Balaško Renata Bažok Katarina M. Mikac Hugo A. Benítez Manuel J. Suazo João Paulo Gomes Viana Darija Lemic Ivana Pajač Živković |
author_sort | Martina Kadoić Balaško |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Codling moth (CM), <i>Cydia pomonella</i> L., is an important pest of apples worldwide. CM resistance to insecticides is a serious problem in apple production. For effective management and control, monitoring of resistant CM populations is absolutely necessary. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether it is possible to find a reliable pattern of differences in CM populations related to the type of apple control method. The genetic results showed low estimated value of the pairwise fixation index, F<sub>ST</sub> = 0.021, which indicates a lack of genetic differentiation and structuring between the genotyped populations. Different approaches were used to analyze the genetic structure of codling moth populations: Bayesian-based model of population structure (STRUCTURE), principal component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). STRUCTURE grouped the CM genotypes into two distinct clusters, and the results of PCA were consistent with this. The DAPC revealed three distinct groups. However, the results showed that population genetic differentiation between organic and integrated orchards was not significant. To confirm the genetic results, the forewing morphology of the same CM individuals was examined using geometric morphometric techniques based on the venation patterns of 18 landmarks. The geometric results showed higher sensitivity and separated three distinct groups. Geometric morphometrics was shown to be a more sensitive method to detect variability in genotypes due to pest control management. This study shows the possibility of using a novel method for a strategic integrated pest management (IPM) program for CM that is lacking in Europe. |
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spelling | doaj.art-392f0c6432e54b28a0e171fbe473d85f2023-11-23T15:09:08ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-05-01126127810.3390/agronomy12061278Population Genetic Structure and Geometric Morphology of Codling Moth Populations from Different Management SystemsMartina Kadoić Balaško0Renata Bažok1Katarina M. Mikac2Hugo A. Benítez3Manuel J. Suazo4João Paulo Gomes Viana5Darija Lemic6Ivana Pajač Živković7Department of Agricultural Zoology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Agricultural Zoology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaCentre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, AustraliaLaboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, ChileInstituto de Alta Investigación, CEDENNA, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7 D, Arica 1000000, ChileDepartment of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), AW-101 Turner Hall, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801-4798, USADepartment of Agricultural Zoology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Agricultural Zoology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaCodling moth (CM), <i>Cydia pomonella</i> L., is an important pest of apples worldwide. CM resistance to insecticides is a serious problem in apple production. For effective management and control, monitoring of resistant CM populations is absolutely necessary. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether it is possible to find a reliable pattern of differences in CM populations related to the type of apple control method. The genetic results showed low estimated value of the pairwise fixation index, F<sub>ST</sub> = 0.021, which indicates a lack of genetic differentiation and structuring between the genotyped populations. Different approaches were used to analyze the genetic structure of codling moth populations: Bayesian-based model of population structure (STRUCTURE), principal component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). STRUCTURE grouped the CM genotypes into two distinct clusters, and the results of PCA were consistent with this. The DAPC revealed three distinct groups. However, the results showed that population genetic differentiation between organic and integrated orchards was not significant. To confirm the genetic results, the forewing morphology of the same CM individuals was examined using geometric morphometric techniques based on the venation patterns of 18 landmarks. The geometric results showed higher sensitivity and separated three distinct groups. Geometric morphometrics was shown to be a more sensitive method to detect variability in genotypes due to pest control management. This study shows the possibility of using a novel method for a strategic integrated pest management (IPM) program for CM that is lacking in Europe.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/6/1278<i>Cydia pomonella</i>single nucleotide polymorphismgeometric morphometricsgenetic structuremonitoring test |
spellingShingle | Martina Kadoić Balaško Renata Bažok Katarina M. Mikac Hugo A. Benítez Manuel J. Suazo João Paulo Gomes Viana Darija Lemic Ivana Pajač Živković Population Genetic Structure and Geometric Morphology of Codling Moth Populations from Different Management Systems Agronomy <i>Cydia pomonella</i> single nucleotide polymorphism geometric morphometrics genetic structure monitoring test |
title | Population Genetic Structure and Geometric Morphology of Codling Moth Populations from Different Management Systems |
title_full | Population Genetic Structure and Geometric Morphology of Codling Moth Populations from Different Management Systems |
title_fullStr | Population Genetic Structure and Geometric Morphology of Codling Moth Populations from Different Management Systems |
title_full_unstemmed | Population Genetic Structure and Geometric Morphology of Codling Moth Populations from Different Management Systems |
title_short | Population Genetic Structure and Geometric Morphology of Codling Moth Populations from Different Management Systems |
title_sort | population genetic structure and geometric morphology of codling moth populations from different management systems |
topic | <i>Cydia pomonella</i> single nucleotide polymorphism geometric morphometrics genetic structure monitoring test |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/6/1278 |
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