Comparison of Policosanols via Incorporation into Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: Cuban Policosanol (Raydel<sup>®</sup>) Exerts the Highest Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) containing each policosanol from Cuba (Raydel<sup>®</sup>), China (Shaanxi Pioneer), and the United States (Lesstanol<sup>®</sup>) were synthesized to compare the physiological properties of policosanol depending on sources and o...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/18/6715 |
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| author | Kyung-Hyun Cho Ji-Eun Kim Hyo-Seon Nam Dae-Jin Kang Seung-Hee Baek |
| author_facet | Kyung-Hyun Cho Ji-Eun Kim Hyo-Seon Nam Dae-Jin Kang Seung-Hee Baek |
| author_sort | Kyung-Hyun Cho |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) containing each policosanol from Cuba (Raydel<sup>®</sup>), China (Shaanxi Pioneer), and the United States (Lesstanol<sup>®</sup>) were synthesized to compare the physiological properties of policosanol depending on sources and origin countries. After synthesis with apolipoproteinA-I (apoA-I) into rHDL, all policosanols bound well with phospholipid and apoA-I to form discoidal rHDL. An rHDL containing Cuban policosanol (rHDL-1) showed the largest rHDL particle size of around 83 ± 3 nm, while rHDL containing Chinese policosanol (rHDL-2) or American policosanol (rHDL-3) showed smaller particles around 63 ± 3 nm and 60 ± 2 nm in diameter, respectively. The rHDL-1 showed the strongest anti-glycation activity to protect the apoA-I degradation of HDL from fructose-mediated glycation: approximately 2.7-times higher ability to suppress glycation and 1.4-times higher protection ability of apoA-I than that of rHDL-2 and rHDL-3. The rHDL-1 showed the highest antioxidant ability to inhibit cupric ion-mediated LDL oxidation in electromobility and the quantification of oxidized species. A microinjection of each rHDL into a zebrafish embryo in the presence of carboxymethyllysine (CML) showed that rHDL-1 displayed the strongest anti-oxidant activity with the highest embryo survivability, whereas rHDL-2 and rHDL-3 showed much weaker protection ability, similar to rHDL alone (rHDL-0). An intraperitoneal injection of CML (250 μg) into adult zebrafish caused acute death and hyperinflammation with an elevation of infiltration of neutrophils and IL-6 production in the liver. On the other hand, a co-injection of rHDL-1 resulted in the highest survivability and the strongest anti-inflammatory ability to suppress IL-6 production with an improvement of the blood lipid profile, such as elevation of HDL-C and lowering of the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride. In conclusion, Cuban policosanol exhibited the most desirable properties for the in vitro synthesis of rHDL with the stabilization of apoA-I, the largest particle size, anti-glycation against fructation, and antioxidant activities to prevent LDL oxidation. Cuban policosanol in rHDL also exhibited the strongest in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities with the highest survivability in zebrafish embryos and adults via the prevention of hyperinflammation in the presence of CML. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:23:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-39396247425343898a5ed2f7700652fa |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:23:04Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-39396247425343898a5ed2f7700652fa2023-11-19T12:11:28ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-09-012818671510.3390/molecules28186715Comparison of Policosanols via Incorporation into Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: Cuban Policosanol (Raydel<sup>®</sup>) Exerts the Highest Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation, and Anti-Inflammatory ActivityKyung-Hyun Cho0Ji-Eun Kim1Hyo-Seon Nam2Dae-Jin Kang3Seung-Hee Baek4Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of KoreaRaydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of KoreaRaydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of KoreaRaydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of KoreaRaydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of KoreaReconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) containing each policosanol from Cuba (Raydel<sup>®</sup>), China (Shaanxi Pioneer), and the United States (Lesstanol<sup>®</sup>) were synthesized to compare the physiological properties of policosanol depending on sources and origin countries. After synthesis with apolipoproteinA-I (apoA-I) into rHDL, all policosanols bound well with phospholipid and apoA-I to form discoidal rHDL. An rHDL containing Cuban policosanol (rHDL-1) showed the largest rHDL particle size of around 83 ± 3 nm, while rHDL containing Chinese policosanol (rHDL-2) or American policosanol (rHDL-3) showed smaller particles around 63 ± 3 nm and 60 ± 2 nm in diameter, respectively. The rHDL-1 showed the strongest anti-glycation activity to protect the apoA-I degradation of HDL from fructose-mediated glycation: approximately 2.7-times higher ability to suppress glycation and 1.4-times higher protection ability of apoA-I than that of rHDL-2 and rHDL-3. The rHDL-1 showed the highest antioxidant ability to inhibit cupric ion-mediated LDL oxidation in electromobility and the quantification of oxidized species. A microinjection of each rHDL into a zebrafish embryo in the presence of carboxymethyllysine (CML) showed that rHDL-1 displayed the strongest anti-oxidant activity with the highest embryo survivability, whereas rHDL-2 and rHDL-3 showed much weaker protection ability, similar to rHDL alone (rHDL-0). An intraperitoneal injection of CML (250 μg) into adult zebrafish caused acute death and hyperinflammation with an elevation of infiltration of neutrophils and IL-6 production in the liver. On the other hand, a co-injection of rHDL-1 resulted in the highest survivability and the strongest anti-inflammatory ability to suppress IL-6 production with an improvement of the blood lipid profile, such as elevation of HDL-C and lowering of the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride. In conclusion, Cuban policosanol exhibited the most desirable properties for the in vitro synthesis of rHDL with the stabilization of apoA-I, the largest particle size, anti-glycation against fructation, and antioxidant activities to prevent LDL oxidation. Cuban policosanol in rHDL also exhibited the strongest in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities with the highest survivability in zebrafish embryos and adults via the prevention of hyperinflammation in the presence of CML.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/18/6715HDLhigh-density lipoproteinsapolipoprotein A-Ipolicosanolsugar cane wax alcoholzebrafish |
| spellingShingle | Kyung-Hyun Cho Ji-Eun Kim Hyo-Seon Nam Dae-Jin Kang Seung-Hee Baek Comparison of Policosanols via Incorporation into Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: Cuban Policosanol (Raydel<sup>®</sup>) Exerts the Highest Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Molecules HDL high-density lipoproteins apolipoprotein A-I policosanol sugar cane wax alcohol zebrafish |
| title | Comparison of Policosanols via Incorporation into Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: Cuban Policosanol (Raydel<sup>®</sup>) Exerts the Highest Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity |
| title_full | Comparison of Policosanols via Incorporation into Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: Cuban Policosanol (Raydel<sup>®</sup>) Exerts the Highest Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of Policosanols via Incorporation into Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: Cuban Policosanol (Raydel<sup>®</sup>) Exerts the Highest Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of Policosanols via Incorporation into Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: Cuban Policosanol (Raydel<sup>®</sup>) Exerts the Highest Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity |
| title_short | Comparison of Policosanols via Incorporation into Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: Cuban Policosanol (Raydel<sup>®</sup>) Exerts the Highest Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity |
| title_sort | comparison of policosanols via incorporation into reconstituted high density lipoproteins cuban policosanol raydel sup r sup exerts the highest antioxidant anti glycation and anti inflammatory activity |
| topic | HDL high-density lipoproteins apolipoprotein A-I policosanol sugar cane wax alcohol zebrafish |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/18/6715 |
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