Analysis of the Comparative Growth Kinetics of <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> YL1 in the Biodegradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Based on Substituent Structures and Substrate Toxicity
The high consumption and emission of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) have a considerable threat to humans and ecosystems, so there is a need to develop safer and more effective methods than conventional strategies for the optimal removal of these compounds. In this study, four SAs with different subst...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Fermentation |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/8/12/742 |
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| author | Lan Yu Yingning Wang Junjie Xin Fang Ma Haijuan Guo |
| author_facet | Lan Yu Yingning Wang Junjie Xin Fang Ma Haijuan Guo |
| author_sort | Lan Yu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The high consumption and emission of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) have a considerable threat to humans and ecosystems, so there is a need to develop safer and more effective methods than conventional strategies for the optimal removal of these compounds. In this study, four SAs with different substituents, sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and sulfamethazine (SMZ) were removed by a pure culture of <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> YL1. The effect of the initial SAs concentration on the growth rate of strain YL1 was investigated. The results showed that the strain YL1 effectively removed various SAs in the concentration range of 0.05–2.4 mmol·L<sup>−1</sup>. The Haldane model was used to perform simulations of the experimental data, and the regression coefficient of the model indicated that the model had a good predictive ability. During SAs degradation, the maximum specific growth rate of strain YL1 was ranked as SMX > SDZ > SMR > SMZ with constants of 0.311, 0.304, 0.302, and 0.285 h<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. In addition, the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) with a five-membered substituent was the fastest, while the six-membered substituent of SMZ was the slowest based on the parameters of the kinetic equation. Also, density functional theory (DFT) calculations such as frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), and molecular electrostatic potential map analysis were performed. It was evidenced that different substituents in SAs can affect the molecular orbital distribution and their stability, which led to the differences in the growth rate of strain YL1 and the degradation rate of SAs. Furthermore, the toxicity of <i>P. ureafaciens</i> is one of the crucial factors affecting the biodegradation rate: the more toxic the substrate and the degradation product are, the slower the microorganism grows. This study provides a theoretical basis for effective bioremediation using microorganisms in SAs-contaminated environments. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:45:46Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-395a0f44306345ea95025c5f22e1d33f2023-11-24T14:46:04ZengMDPI AGFermentation2311-56372022-12-0181274210.3390/fermentation8120742Analysis of the Comparative Growth Kinetics of <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> YL1 in the Biodegradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Based on Substituent Structures and Substrate ToxicityLan Yu0Yingning Wang1Junjie Xin2Fang Ma3Haijuan Guo4State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, ChinaCollege of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, ChinaThe high consumption and emission of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) have a considerable threat to humans and ecosystems, so there is a need to develop safer and more effective methods than conventional strategies for the optimal removal of these compounds. In this study, four SAs with different substituents, sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and sulfamethazine (SMZ) were removed by a pure culture of <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> YL1. The effect of the initial SAs concentration on the growth rate of strain YL1 was investigated. The results showed that the strain YL1 effectively removed various SAs in the concentration range of 0.05–2.4 mmol·L<sup>−1</sup>. The Haldane model was used to perform simulations of the experimental data, and the regression coefficient of the model indicated that the model had a good predictive ability. During SAs degradation, the maximum specific growth rate of strain YL1 was ranked as SMX > SDZ > SMR > SMZ with constants of 0.311, 0.304, 0.302, and 0.285 h<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. In addition, the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) with a five-membered substituent was the fastest, while the six-membered substituent of SMZ was the slowest based on the parameters of the kinetic equation. Also, density functional theory (DFT) calculations such as frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), and molecular electrostatic potential map analysis were performed. It was evidenced that different substituents in SAs can affect the molecular orbital distribution and their stability, which led to the differences in the growth rate of strain YL1 and the degradation rate of SAs. Furthermore, the toxicity of <i>P. ureafaciens</i> is one of the crucial factors affecting the biodegradation rate: the more toxic the substrate and the degradation product are, the slower the microorganism grows. This study provides a theoretical basis for effective bioremediation using microorganisms in SAs-contaminated environments.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/8/12/742sulfonamide antibiotics<i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i>biodegradationsubstituentkineticsdensity functional theory |
| spellingShingle | Lan Yu Yingning Wang Junjie Xin Fang Ma Haijuan Guo Analysis of the Comparative Growth Kinetics of <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> YL1 in the Biodegradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Based on Substituent Structures and Substrate Toxicity Fermentation sulfonamide antibiotics <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> biodegradation substituent kinetics density functional theory |
| title | Analysis of the Comparative Growth Kinetics of <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> YL1 in the Biodegradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Based on Substituent Structures and Substrate Toxicity |
| title_full | Analysis of the Comparative Growth Kinetics of <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> YL1 in the Biodegradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Based on Substituent Structures and Substrate Toxicity |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of the Comparative Growth Kinetics of <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> YL1 in the Biodegradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Based on Substituent Structures and Substrate Toxicity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of the Comparative Growth Kinetics of <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> YL1 in the Biodegradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Based on Substituent Structures and Substrate Toxicity |
| title_short | Analysis of the Comparative Growth Kinetics of <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> YL1 in the Biodegradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Based on Substituent Structures and Substrate Toxicity |
| title_sort | analysis of the comparative growth kinetics of i paenarthrobacter ureafaciens i yl1 in the biodegradation of sulfonamide antibiotics based on substituent structures and substrate toxicity |
| topic | sulfonamide antibiotics <i>Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens</i> biodegradation substituent kinetics density functional theory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/8/12/742 |
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